• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.160-167
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the effects of regular exercise on dietary factors and obesity indices among 407 healthy adult males subjects. Subjects were classified into regular exercise group (REG) and irregular exercise group (IREG). Two hundred and thirteen subjects of REG excercised regularly 3 times (more than 30 minutes/time) per week during more than last 1 month or more. One hundred and ninety-four of IREG (n = 194) didn't regularly exercise during the last 1 month. Obesity indices were BMI (Body Mass Index), WHR (Waist Hip Ratio) and PIBW (Percentage of Ideal Body Weight). And the mean BMI, WHR and PIBW of REG were (22.1, 0.90 and 105.8) significantly lower than those of IREG (25.7, 0.98 and 117.7) respectively. The mean daily starches, seeds, meats, eggs, fish, milk, fats and processed food intakes of REG were significantly lower than those of IREG And the mean daily vegetables, mushrooms and beverages intakes of the IREG were significantly lower than REG. Energy intake of REG and IREG were 1968.2 kcal and 1978.9 kcal respectively. Vitamin C intake of IREG was significantly lower than REG. But niacin and cholesterol intake of REG were significantly lower than the IREG. Exercise regularity was positively related with obesity indices and dietary factors. Therefore, it is necessary to exercise regularly to prevent obesity and cardiovascular disease in Korean adult males.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.228-237
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the smoking status among adult workers, and current status of sugar intake. Methods: The survey included 500 men working in Gyeonggi-do from October to November in 2016. Questionnaire items covered their age, working status, smoking status, eating habits, eating behaviors, snack consumption status, habits and behaviors related to sugar intake. All data were analyzed by SPSS program (Ver. 23) and descriptive statistics was performed; a t-test, ${\chi}^2$ test, One-way ANOVA and Scheffe test were used for post-hoc test. Results: The study results showed that eating habits and behaviors of non-smokers were better than those of smokers. The frequency of daily snack consumption was the highest in smokers compared to and non-smokers. The smokers' favorite taste after smoking was 'Sweet'. The average score of sugar-related nutrition knowledge was higher in non-smokers compared to smokers. Non-smokers had better recognition of 'sugar reduction', and smokers were more likely to eat sweet foods, respectively. On the other hand, non-smokers could observe that they were trying to control themselves for health reasons. According to the results of the study, non-smokers showed better eating habits and dietary habits and consumed less sugar. Also, it was found that non-smokers tried to drink more water than beverages and refrain from eating sweets to reduce their sugar intake. Further, the most of the bread, coffee and beverages were also consumed at a lower frequency by non-smokers compared to smokers. Conclusions: This study results showed that smoking and sugar consumption were closely related. Therefore, adult workers should actively promote and learn so that they can maintain healthy and suitable dietary habits through reduction of sugar consumption.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.354-364
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• 2015

This study examined the effect of sociocultural attitudes toward the appearance of depression and psychological well-being of fitness in adult women. The subjects of this study consisted of 472 healthy adult woman. The used instruments were Jung (2011) for measuring the sociocultural attitudes toward appearance scale, Seo (2006) for measuring the depression scale, and Yang (2000) for measuring the psychological well-being scale. The data was analyzed by exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results are as follows. First, among the subscales of sociocultural attitudes toward appearance, stress positively influenced depression. Second, among the subscales of sociocultural attitudes toward appearance, internalization-general negatively influenced hedonic enjoyment, self-realization, and a feeling of flow, but information positively influenced it. In addition, internalization-athlete positively influenced the feeling of competence, self-realization. Third, depression negatively influenced hedonic enjoyment, self-realization, and the feeling of flow.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.307-318
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Relocation to new environments can have a negative impact on health by altering body weight and dietary patterns. This study attempted to elucidate changes in body weight, food security, and their current food and nutrient consumption in adult North Korean refugees (NKR) living in South Korea (SK). SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study analyzed data on 149 adult NKR from a North Korean refugee health in SK cohort at four time points (leaving North Korea, entering SK, first examination, and second examination). Body weight was self-reported at the two earlier time points and directly measured at the two later time points. Food security, diet-related behaviors (dietary habits and food consumption), and sociodemographic information were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Nutrient intake information was obtained by one-day 24-hour recall. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS ver 23.0. RESULTS: Body weight increased during relocation by an average of 4 kg, although diversified patterns were observed during the settlement period in SK. Approximately 39.6% of subjects maintained their body weight between the first and second examinations, whereas 38.6% gained and 22.1% lost at least 3% of their body weight at the first examination by the second examination. Food security status improved from 12.1% food secure proportion to 61.7%. NKR showed generally good food and nutrient consumption (index of nutrient quality: 0.77-1.93). The body weight loss group showed the most irregular meal consumption pattern (P < 0.05), and eating-out was infrequent in all three groups. Consumption frequencies of food groups did not differ by group, except in the fish group (P = 0.036). CONCLUSION: This study observed considerable body weight adjustment during the settlement period in SK after initial weight gain, whereas food security consistently improved. More detailed understanding of this process is needed to assist healthy settlement for NKR in SK.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.281-286
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• 2015

Purpose: The study was to determine whether mechanical horseback-riding training according to velocity may improve trunk muscles thickness in healthy adults. Methods: Twenty healthy adults participated in this study. The subjects were divided into 2 groups as follows: 10 subjects in high velocity mechanical horseback-riding training (MHRT) and 10 subjects in low velocity MHRT. Subjects in all groups performed a total of 18 sessions 3 times a day for 20 minutes and this experiment lasted for 6 weeks. Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon Signed Rank test were used in analysis the results of trunk muscle thickness. Ultrasonography was performed to evaluate for thickness of rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), transverse abdominis (TrA), erector spine (ES), and multifidus (MF) in trunk muscles. Results: Results on the changes of EO, IO, and ES of high velocity MHRT showed a significant increase after 6 weeks (p<0.05). Regarding the changes of EO, IO, ES, TrA, and MF of low velocity MHRT, a significant increase was observed after 6 weeks (p<0.05). The differences in change of trunk muscle thickness before training, after 6-week training between groups, TrA and MF of low velocity MHRT were significantly higher (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of the current study, the velocity of MHRT was shown to affect change of trunk muscle thickness in healthy adults. In particular, low velocity MHRT may serve as a useful method to provide for TrA, MF thickness improvement related to trunk stabilizers.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.149-154
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• 2016

Objective: The arm swing is associated with gait ability in healthy young adults. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of arm swing during gait in healthy young adults. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Forty-five subjects without any orthopedic or neurological injuries participated in this study. All subjects performed all three conditions according to the arm swing type as follows: first procedure (condition 1), walking as usual without arm swing constraint; second procedure (condition 2), constraint of dominant arm swing walking as usual; third procedure (condition 3), constraint of both arm swing walking as usual. Gait parameters such as gait velocity, stride length, cadence, step time, single limb support, and double limb support were measured in all arm swing conditions performed randomly, with the mean value obtained from three measurements. A rest period of 5 minutes was given to prevent repetition of each condition and learning effect. All data was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA to notice the changes between arm swing conditions. Results: Within walking conditions, significant difference of gait velocity, stride length, cadence, and double limb support was noticed (p<0.05), except step time and single limb support. Gait velocity and stride length were significant reduced, and in cadence and double limb support were increased (p<0.05). Condition 3 had the most significant decrease of gait ability compared with condition 1 (p<0.05). Conclusions: These finding suggested that constraint arm swing conditions reduced gait ability in healthy young adults. Also, these findings can be utilized as a reference to future studies that not only pelvic, knee and ankle, but also upper limb affect to gait ability.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.103-120
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• 1998

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells respond to heat stress and other environmental abuses by synthesizing a small set of stress proteins and by inhibiting post-transcription synthesis of normal proteins. The purpose of the present study was to document the stress response produced by inflamed gingival tissue in vivo, and cytokine inducted human periodontal ligament cells. Human PDL cells were exposed to TNF-$\alpha$(1ng/ml), INF-$\gamma$(200 U/ml), LPS(100ug/ml), combination of cytokine, and SDS-PAGE gels running and Western blotting analysis was done. In vivo studies, the healthy gingival tissusse of a control group and inflamed gingival tissue of adult periodontitis were studied by immunohistochemistry and histology. The results were as follows 1. HSP 47 was distributed on basal layer in healthy gingiva, but stronger stained in basal, suprabasal, and spinous layer of inflamed gingiva. 2. HSP 47 was rare on endothelial cells and mononuclear cells in healthy gingiva, but stronger expressed in inflamed gingiva. 3. HSP 70 expression was rare on epihelium and inflammatory cells hi both healthy & inflamed gingiva. 4. HSP 70 was actively expressed on endothelial cells and inflammatory cells of capillary lumen in moderately & mild inflamend gingiva. 5. PDL cells showed low level of HSP 47 protein expression which was significantly induced by cytokine stimulation (LSP only and combination). 6. Maximum HSP 70 protein induction was seen with stimulation by a combination of the cytokine, Combination of TNF-$\alpha$, INF-$\gamma$, LPS have been shown to synergistically effects of HSP 70 expression. On the above findings, HSP Is influenced by cytokine and chronic inflammation in vivo, and may be involved in protection of tissue during periodontal inflammatiom.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2018

Heart rate recovery (HRR) is simply an indicator of autonomic balance and is a useful physiological indicator to predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in HRR between metabolically healthy obesity group and metabolically unhealthy obesity and to ascertain whether heart rate recovery is a predictor of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the standards of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Care Panel III. Obesity was assessed according to WHO Asian criteria. It was classified into three groups of metabolically healthy non-obesity group (MHNO, n=113), metabolically healthy obesity group (MHO, n=66), metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO, n=18). Exercise test was performed with Bruce protocol using a treadmill instrument. There was no difference in HRR between MHO and MUO ($32.71{\pm}12.25$ vs $25.53{\pm}8.13$), but there was late HRR in MUO than MHNO ($25.53{\pm}8.13$ vs $34.51{\pm}11.80$). HRR in obese was significantly correlated with BMI (r=-0.342, P=0.004), waist circumference (r=-0.246, P=0.043), triglyceride (r=-0.350, P=0.003), HbA1c (r=-0.315, P=0.009), insulin (r=-0.290, P=0.017) and uric acid (r=-0.303, P=0.012). HRR showed a lower prevalence of abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-cholesterol in the third tertile than in the first tertile. In conclusion, MHO had no difference in vagal activity compared with MHNO, but MUO had low vagal activity. HRR is associated with metabolic parameters and is a useful predictor of abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-cholesterolemia.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 2014

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the radial bone strength, sitting balance ability and global self-esteem of wheelchair martial arts practitioners and healthy control participants. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Nine wheelchair martial art practitioners with physical disabilities and 28 able-bodied healthy individuals participated in the study. The bone strength of the distal radius was assessed using the Sunlight Mini-Omni Ultrasound Bone Sonometer; sitting balance was quantified using the modified functional reach test (with reference to a scale marked on the wall); and the self-administered Rosenberg self-esteem (RSE) scale was used to measure the global self-esteem of the participants. The velocity of the ultrasound wave (speed of sound, m/s) traveling through the outer surface of the radial bone was measured and was then converted into a T-score and a Z-score. These ultrasound T-score and Z-score that represent bone strength; the maximum forward reaching distance in sitting (cm) that represents sitting balance; and the RSE total self-esteem score that indicates global self-esteem were used for analysis. Results: The results revealed that there were no statistically significant between-group differences for radial bone-strength, maximum forward reaching distance, or self-esteem outcomes. Conclusions: The wheelchair martial arts practitioners had similar radial bone strength, sitting balance performance and self-esteem to able-bodied healthy persons. Our results imply that wheelchair martial arts might improve bone strength, postural control and self-esteem in adult wheelchair users. This new sport-wheelchair martial arts-might be an exercise option for people with physical disabilities.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.316-328
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the prevalence and abundance of 9 representative periodontal pathogens in the saliva samples of periodontally healthy subjects (PH) and patients with periodontitis who underwent supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). The age-specific distribution of these pathogens in periodontally healthy individuals was also analyzed. Methods: One hundred subjects (aged >35 years) were recruited (50 each in the PH and SPT groups) between August 2016 and April 2019. The prevalence and abundance of periodontal pathogens in the PH group were compared with those in periodontally healthy young subjects (94 subjects; aged <35 years), who were included in our previous study. DNA copy numbers of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), Treponema denticola (Td), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Campylobacter rectus (Cr), Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (Pa), and Eikenella corrodens (Ec) were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The detection frequencies of all pathogens, except Aa, were high in the PH and SPT groups. The ranking order of pathogen DNA copy numbers was similar in both groups. In both groups, Fn had the highest abundance, Aa had the lowest abundance. Additionally, Td was significantly more abundant in men than in women in both groups (P<0.05). Compared with the PH group, the SPT group exhibited significantly lower total bacteria and Fn abundance and higher Pg abundance (P<0.05). The age-specific pathogen distribution analysis revealed a significantly low Aa abundance and high Tf and Cr abundance in the PH group. Conclusions: The clinical parameters and microbial profiles were similar between the SPT and PH groups. However, patients with periodontitis require supportive care to prevent recurrence. As the abundance of some bacteria varied with age, future studies must elucidate the correlation between age-related physiological changes and periodontal bacterial composition.