• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.228-237
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• 2017

Objective: We conducted a survey to understand the current state of pharmacy services and pharmacists' thoughts in the future of the community pharmacy setting. Methods: A questionnaire was distributed to 229 pharmacists and gathered from 95 respondents. Results: We asked to pharmacists about what the ideal pharmacy duty should be in the next 10 years at the community pharmacy setting in Korea. For this question, the respondents said drug counselling (19.4%), dispensing (13.8%), long-term care of chronic disease and healthcare education (12.8%), and OTC counselling (11.5%). When asked about how much time they were spending doing certain tasks in the pharmacy, the main tasks were dispensing (23.5%), counselling (17.1%), prescription review (10.1%), and OTC counselling (5.5%). When asked about what the most important duty of a pharmacist was, medication counselling (45.4%) was the most important task that they identified and the reasons for not being able to fulfill this role properly was time shortage (78.9%) followed by the lack of counselling spaces, up-to-date knowledges, and focus on financial gains over patient counselling. Conclusion: Korean pharmacists are mainly focusing on dispensing in their daily work. Their basic responsibilities can be easily mechanized over the next few years, but the social expectations of disease-prevention and public health promotion both in current and future can not be replaced by such mechanical measures. Therefore, pharmaceutical services in Korea should be developed in more diverse and professional ways.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 2008

Purpose: To investigate the degree of pain, and to identify barriers to and satisfaction with pain management, in an effort to provide baseline data for effective pain management interventions. Methods: The study design was descriptive and correlational. A total of 100 cancer patients who were cared for at home participated in this study. Questions regarding self-rated pain, as well as barriers to and satisfaction with pain management were included in the study instruments. The data were collected by nurses using a face-to-face interview method in May of 2008. Results: Thirty six percent of the participants were in their 70's and 18.0% suffered from cancer of the large intestine. The usual degree of pain was reported as 3.43 out of 10 points, and the study patients were generally moderately satisfied with their pain management (M=$3.15{\pm}0.78$; range, 1-5). The mean barrier score was $3.24{\pm}0.52$ (range, 1-5) and concerns regarding the progress of cancer was the most highly evaluated barrier. There was a negative relationship between the degree of pain and satisfaction with pain management, and between barriers to and satisfaction with pain management. Conclusion: The precise evaluation of pains is crucial to the proper management of pain, and the education and promotion of proper pain management practices may help to overcome barriers to pain management for cancer patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate attitude and behavior of eating and purchasing seafood in relation to eating pattern at the household level among Korean housewives. Analysis data from 676 housewives in Korea were collected with self-administered questionnaires. The results were as follows: Seventy-three % of the respondents answered that they liked seafood dishes for their taste, good nutrition and health benefit in order, but 3.2% disliked seafoods because of their bad smell, cooking difficulties and high prices. In comparison with the meat dishes, seafoods were considered superior to meat in nutritional value(49.9%), health aspect(46.4%) and taste(42.4%) but seafood stuffs were evaluated inferior to meat in the aspects of preparation process(43.9%), sanitational problems(40.4%) and higher price(35.2%). The favorite fish cooking methods of housewives turned out to be grilling, stewing, eating as raw fish, braising and frying in order. The 74.7% of respondents evaluated that their family preferred seafood dishes, but 37.2% of the subjects prepared seafood dishes 1-2 times a week followed by 3-4 times a week(24.0%), 2-3 times a month(19.6%), once a month(7.4%) and more than once a day(5.3%). The frequency rate of seafood preparation showed significant differences according to the monthly income of the household(p<0.05), the higher the income, the higher the frequency rate. As for the difficulties in preparing seafood dishes, cumbersome processes before cooking(45.4%), high price(10.4%) and sanitational problems of distribution(9.9%) were indicated showing significant differences among the age groups of the subjects(p<0.01). These findings revealed that younger generation housewife group is the major target in promoting seafood consumption at household level. We suggest to develop convenient sale packages and continuing education programs with information about easy handling and preparation of seafoods for the promotion of home cooking.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 2007

This study was performed to weigh the average meal portion sizes served for preschoolers by kindergarten teacher. The subjects were 53 teachers from 8 kindergartens, which are random sampled by meal service number. Using the weighing method assessed the meal portion sizes of food items at lunch. The data was complied by performing $\chi^2-test$ using SPSS WIN 11.0. The result was as followed: 98.0% of teacher agreed with the meal service because of 'better food habit and table etiquette'(68.0%), 'health promotion with balanced diet'(22.0%), 'owing to extending school time'(6.0%) and 'demand of parents'(2.0%). Preschooler eat lunch at class (84.9%) and meal serving size was decided by teacher (79.2%). Teachers thought that they know very well about portion size 3.8%, 96.2% of teacher thought that they don't know much about portion size. Portion size were not significantly different by food tray types but there was much different (almost 100%) compared with minimum and maximum within dishes. Most average portion size was not met dietary reference intake except cooked rice, soups and fish cutlet. Working experience effected on portion size. More served, more working experienced of teacher. For example Bulgogi was served 26.8 g by teacher who has over 6 years working experience compared with 2-6 years (20.4 g) and less than 2 years (17.1 g) (p < 0.01). Spinach portion size was significantly different by teacher's working experience (p < 0.01). Portion size were not significantly different by preschooler's age. The reference of dietary for preschooler was different by age, but teachers served meal by their experience. According to the results of this study, it is necessary to educate meal portion size for kindergarten teacher who take charge in meal serving. To provide guidance to teacher about reasonable portion sizes for preschoolers, teacher need to take nutrition education about meal service and child nutrition in college. This study would be useful to those who plan meals for preschoolers and to researchers studying dietary intakes of preschooler.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.226-233
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• 2009

Traditional nutrition education has not been shown to consistently produce behavior change. While it has been suggested that using emotion-based messages may be a better way to influence nutrition behavior change, this has not been well tested. Producing emotion-based messages is a multi-step process that begins with exploring subconscious barriers to behavior change rather than the more obvious and typically reported barriers. The purpose of this research was to uncover the emotional reasons, sometimes referred to as emotional pulse points, for mothers' choosing or not choosing to have more family meals. This would then serve as the first step to developing emotion-based messages promoting the benefits of family meals. Five focus group interviews were conducted with 51 low-income Black (n=28) and white (n=23) mothers. Metaphorical techniques were used to determine underlying feelings toward family and family meals. Discussions were video-taped, transcribed, and manually analyzed using a content-driven, immersion/crystallization approach to qualitative data analysis. Four themes emerged around the definition of family: acceptance, sharing, chaos, and protective/loyal. Some mothers felt mealtime was merely obligatory, and described it as stressful. Some reported a preference for attending to their own needs instead of sitting down with their children, while others felt that mealtime should be used to interact with and educate children and felt guilty when they were not able to provide family meals. Three themes emerged around feelings towards having or not having family meals: unimportant, important, and guilty. When explored further, mothers indicated that using the feeling of guilt to encourage family meals might be effective. Data obtained are being used to develop innovative, emotion-based messages that will be tested for effectiveness in promoting family meals.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.169-181
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• 1995

The aims of this study are to identify the perceptions and learning needs related to nursing profession of nursing students and to provide the basic data for development of curriculum. The questionnaire used for this study includes 103 items categorized as the fellowing 8 areas : the perception of nursing profession, competency as a nurse, the perception about clients, priorities in nursing activity, the knowledge required for, an ideology about nursing. Data was collected from the same students through their first grade in 1993 to third grade in 1995. The results are as follows : 1) In terms of the views on nursing profession, most of the students responded it as helping treatment of disease. Higher the grade, more significant with regard to health counseling, utilization of nursing and skills, nursing for community people. 2) Asked about competency as a nurse, sufficient professional knowledge on the nursing was responded as the highest. 3) Asked about the clients of nursing, 'patients' was the highest and as the grade was high, the items on 'family', 'community people', 'community' were high. 4) With regard to the points to be considered in the performance of nursing, while 'physical respect', 'psychological respect' were commonly responded, 'spiritual respect' highly responded in the second and third grades. 5) Asked about what nursing activity is, 'to relieve the pain' was high in the first and second grades, 'the promotion of health' was high in the third grade. 6) With regard to the ideology on nursing, the humanity and belief and faith were commonly responded. These results suggest, even though the expanded role of nursing was recognized, there is the tendency of illness oriented, to be need of reinforcement on the curriculum management in nursing education.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.1359-1366
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• 2006

Purpose. This study was done to determine the effects of weight management program using self-efficacy in middle-aged obese women. The study also attempted to measure the effects of the program on the weight efficacy lifestyle, body composition, and depression. Method. The research design of this study was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The experimental group consisted of 21 middle-aged obese women and another 21 middle-aged obese women in the control group. The women in the experimental group participated in the weight management program for 12 weeks using self-efficacy. The weight management program using self-efficacy included education on effects of exercise for weight control, aerobic exercise program, muscle training and counseling through the telephone. Results. After 12 weeks of participation in the program, BMI (p <.0001), body fat % (p <.0001), abdominal fat (p <.0001), in the experimental group were significantly decreased compared to the control group. Weight self-efficacy lifestyle (p <.0001) and depression (p =.006) in the experimental group were significantly improved after the program compared to the control group. According to these findings, weight management program self-efficacy for middle-aged obese women could increase weight efficacy lifestyle, and decrease depression, BMI, body fat, and abdominal fat. Conclusion. The result also suggested that the increasing weight efficacy and lifestyle help the obese women to perform and continue exercise. This program could be used in the community such as public health center for weight care and mental health promotion of middle-aged obese women.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6783-6790
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• 2013

Background: Breast cancer is the commonest type of cancer among women, and in Malaysia 50-60% of the new cases are being detected at late stages. Do age, education level, income, ethnicity, relationship with breast cancer patients and knowledge of breast cancer risk factors influence breast screening practices? This study revealed interesting but significant differences. Objectives: To assess the knowledge of breast cancer risk factors and early detection measures among women in a high risk group. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional survey of one hundred and thirty one women relatives of breast cancer patients was carried out. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, during hospital visits. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Results: The majority of the respondents (71%) had poor knowledge of the risk factors for breast cancer. Income, relationship with a patient and practise of breast cancer screening predicted performance of mammography, $R^2$=0.467, F=12.568, p<0.0001. Conclusions: The finding shows inadequate knowledge of breast cancer risk factors and poor cancer screening practise among women with family history of breast cancer. Poor knowledge and practise of breast screening are likely to lead to late stage presentation of breast cancer disease. Some important predictors of breast cancer screening behaviour among women with positive family history of breast cancer were identified. An understanding of the strengths and significance of the association between these factors and breast screening behaviour is vital for developing more targeted breast health promotion.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.2041-2047
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• 2016

Background: Liver cancer (LC) is the sixth world most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death. Due to the importance and necessity of awareness about the incidence and mortality of diseases to perform prevention programs, this study focused on data for LC and its relationship with the human development index (HDI) and its components in Asia in 2012. Materials and Methods: This ecological study was based on GLOBOCAN data for Asian countries. We assessed correlations between standardized incidence rates (SIR) and standardized mortality rates (SMR) of LC with HDI and its components using of SPSS18. Results: A total of 582,420 incident cases and 557,097 deaths were recorded in Asian countries in 2012. The five with the highest SIR were Mongolia, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Republic of Korea and Thailand and those with the highest SMR were Mongolia, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand. A negative relation was observed between HDI and LC for SIR of 0.049 (P=0.748) and for SMR of 0.07 (P=0.645), with life expectancy at birth a positive relation for SIR of 0.061 (P=0.687) and a negative relation for SMR of 0.079 (P=0.603), with the average years of education a negative relation fo SIR of 0.476 (p=0.952) and for SMR of 0.032 (P=0.832), and with the country income level per person a negative relation for SMI of 0.11 (p=0.465) and for SMR of 0.113 (P=0.455). Conclusions: The incidence of LC is more in less developed and developing countries but statistically significant correlations were not found between standardized incidence and mortality rates of LC, and HDI and its dimensions.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.166-190
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• 1998

This study presents the status on drug prescription for clinic outpatients' bronchitis, gastritis, and gastric ulcer, and also the physician factors that affects their prescriptions. In this research project the physician factors are as follows: their demographic features, their work related features, education related features, drug information related features and drug promotion related features. The variables in drug prescriptions are drug expenses, daily drug expenses, days of medication, the highest price of the drugs used and the number of the different drugs used. Analysis of the use of prescription drugs was performed on NFMI(National Federation of Medical Insurance) 1994 medical expense claim data. Data on physicians' characteristics were collected by mailing surveys. Patients with secondary diseases were excluded. In this study, 388 adults with bronchitis, 1,038 children with bronchitis, 1,158 patients with gastritis, 369 patients with gastric ulcer were included. The older physicians tend to allow the lower drug costs: this explains that the older doctors who are more experienced less depend on the medicines. It can be also explained that doctors are likely to use the medicines that had been used for their intern and resident practice/training period. General practitioners give more intensive prescription compared to specialists. And specialists prescribed medicines to patients for longer period. The doctors' prescriptions for patients are largely affected by commercial sources. So objective and reliable sources for drug information is needed for patients' benefits. Physician factors explain better at the daily drug expenses, the drug price and the number of different drugs than days of medication. Gastric ulcer are better explained by the prescription model adopted in this study than other diseases.