• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.421-428
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• 2007

Many engineering problems on the pipeline flow use continuity, energy, friction loss head equation. To calculate friction loss head in a pipeline, Darcy-Weisbach and many average velocity equations can be used and Hazen-Williams equation is used frequently in the pipe network for the water supply systems. Darcy-Weisbach equation is a general one acquired from applying Bernoulli's equation in the pipeline flow and Hazen-Williams equation is a experimental one in case that pipe velocity is below 3m/sec and pipe diameter is over 50mm. In this study, comparing Darcy-Weisbach with Hazen-Williams equation, relation f and C that are expressed as roughness coefficients of those equations is explained. Next, head losses calculated from using those equations are compared and those are applied in realistic pipelines. Comparing f with C, the f is decreasing linearly according to increase of the Reynolds number Re and increasing in case the C is decreasing. additionally, the C is increasing up to a point and then is decreasing according to increase of the Re. Next, the C is increasing and Re's range for increase of the C lengthens in case of decreasing of the relative roughness ${\varepsilon}/d$. Comparing head losses acquired from the two equations, head loss appears large in case that the C is decreasing and the ${\varepsilon}/d$ is increasing. additionally, Head loss calculated by the Darcy-Weisbach equation varies larger than one by Hazen-Williams equation in regard of the Re. Next, change aspect of head loss acquired by the C is distinguished more clearly than the one by the ${\varepsilon}/d$.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.197-206
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• 2016

Although the Hazen-Williams C factors are very important in the design, operation, and maintenance of water supply pipes, sufficient studies for them have been not reported in korea, which are based on experiments or measured data. Because of this, we have estimated C factors by measurement considering constraints in time precise safety diagnosis for multi-regional water supply system were performed. In this study, we confirmed constraints and variables characteristics of Hazen-Williams equation, and collected reliable C factors data of 174 by measurement, and analyzed their characteristics. According to collected data, the average value is 115.35, which is almost equal to the value of design standard or a little higher than it in korea. Also, among the equations suggested to determine C factor in the past, the C factors calculated by Sharp and Walski equation was closest to them in this study. In addition, to analyze collected C factors, use year and pipe diameter having high correlation with them were respectively divided into there categories. Analysis results showed that C factors evidently decreases depending on increases in use year, on the other hand, size of pipe diameter is proportional to value of them. In conclusion, this research showing evaluation and characteristics for C factors based on measured data will be used as practical reference in determining C factor in multi-regional water supply systems at a later date.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.613-618
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• 2005

In analysis of pipelines or pipe network we calculated the friction loss using Hazen-Williams or Manning formula approximately, or found one by friction coefficient from Moody diagram graphically. The friction coefficient is determined as a function of relative roughness and Reynolds number. But the calculated friction coefficient by Hazen-Williams or Manning formula considered roughness of pipe or velocity of flow. The friction coefficient in Darcy-Weisbach equation was obtained from the Moody diagram. This method is manual and is not exact from reading. This paper is presented numerical solution of Colebrook-White formula including variables of relative roughness and Reynolds number. The suggested subroutine program by an efficient linear iteration scheme can be applied to any pipe network system.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.31-43
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• 2001

상용관로에서의 마찰 계수는 관의 종류, 관의 크기에 따라 아주 폭넓게 변한다. 지금까지 여러 연구자들에 의하여 개발된 방법으로 정밀하게 여러 가지 마찰 계수를 산정할 수 있지만 일반적으로 간단한 경우의 해를 구하기 위해서는 반복적인 시산이 요구된다. 지수형 산정식은 양해적으로 그 해를 도출할 수 있으므로 직접적으로 해를 구하는 기법의 발전을 위하여 많이 적용되어 지고 있다. Hazen-Williams 방정식은 여러 다양성을 고려치 않았으며 단지 관의 거칠기 또는 관종에 대하여 고려하는 제한성을 보여주고 있다. 그러나 본 연구에서 사용되어지는 지수형 산정식의 매개 변수들은 폭 넓은 범위의 정밀한 해를 구하기 위하여 관의 크기, 레이놀즈수, 관의 종류를 포함한 다양성을 가질 수 있도록 허용하였다. 또한 상용관 설계를 위한 양해법 산정식을 개발하는데 있어 부차손실을 고려하였다.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 기존에 개발된 상수도 관련 GIS(geographic information system)에서 관로해석을 위한 자료를 자동으로 입력할 수 있고, 사용자를 위한 GUI(geographic user interface)를 제공하는 GNLP(GIS linked non-linear pipe network analysis program)프로그램을 개발하였다. 관로시스템의 수리해석은 Hazen-Williams의 손실수두방정식을 기초로 한 비선형 해석기법을 이용하여 시행하였으며, 데이터베이스 응용 프로그램을 작성하기 위해서 관계형 데이터베이스 관리시스템(RDBMS ; relational database management system)인 Microsoft사의 Microsoft Access를 사용하였다. 이 GNLP 프로그램은 실제 관망설계자가 관로시스템의 수리해석에 필요한 자료의 입력을 용이하게 할 수 있도록 시스템환경을 개선하였다. 그리고 압력 및 유량 등 관로시스템의 수리적 해석 결과를 표 및 챠트 형태로 출력이 가능하고, Excel 파일로 변환이 가능하다. 또한 GIS의 중요 요소인 질의(query) 기능이나 분석된 자료를 확인하고자 할 때 이를 효과적으로 디스플레이가 가능하도록 개발되었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.725-736
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• 2016

There is a growing concern on the improvement of water distribution pipeline for multi-regional water supply system in Korea along with its aging infrastructure. Rehabilitation of large diameter pipeline is more efficient in cost and time compared to replacement with trenching. The procedure for rehabilitation are diagnosis, cleaning, spraying coating material, and final inspection. The internal state of pipeline was carefully diagnosed and got C grade, which required rehabilitation. We found that 17,274,787,000 Korean won could be saved after pipe surface coating because of increased C coefficient of Hazen-Williams equation. Optimal coating material was D polyurea. We also found optimal distance between spraying nozzle and pipe wall to be 70 - 80 cm, which were critical factors for coating quality. This study also illustrated the time for spray drying to be more than 30 min. These results could be used in the quality control process during rehabilitation of aged pipelines.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2016

The friction factor unit was studied to find a more economic alternative compared to the conventional 30 mmAq/m. The pipe and pump for cooling water piping used in a failing were selected, and the friction factor unit was changed to calculate the pipe diameter and the brake shaft power. Based on current electric charges, After the brake shaft power was converted into operational costs based on current electric charges, then an economic analysis was conducted considering that incorporated the initial installation costs and operational costs for the pump. We found that the friction factor unit when using 20 mmAq/m is more economical than that with 30 mmAq/m, if the piping is used for more than 4 years. The small friction factor unit is desirable when the piping is used for quite a long period of time, and the selection of a more economic friction factor unit should considering the period of usage will be important.