• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.354-366
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• 2021

Limited data about the effects of various factors on forage quality and β-carotene content of rye produced in Korea are available, so this study investigated the effects of two preservation methods. Samples were collected from rye harvested every 5 days between April 25 and May 31, and comparisons were done among rye silage wilted for different periods of time and hay of three growth stages of rye. For the silage, dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents increased with advanced maturity of rye, whereas crude protein, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), total digestible nutrients (TDN), relative feed value (RFV), and DM loss decreased (p < 0.0001). Wilting increased the DM content and pH value significantly (p < 0.0001). Silage harvested at the heading stage had the lowest pH value (4.45), propionic acid (0.83 g/kg DM), butyric acid (0 g/kg DM), and fungi and yeast populations (3.70 Log CFU/g of fresh matter [FM]); conversely, it had the highest lactic acid (9.7 g/kg DM), lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (6.87 Log CFU/g of FM), total microorganisms (TM) (7.33 Log CFU/g of FM), and Flieg's score (70) (p < 0.0001). Wilting elevated LAB and TM populations, but it had no consistent effect on other fermentation products. Both delayed harvest and prolonged wilting decreased β-carotene content. Rye silage harvested around May 9 (heading stage) with 24 h of wilting was preferred for highland, Pyeongchang. For rye hay, advanced maturity decreased DM loss, IVDMD, TDN, and RFV, but it increased DM, ADF, and NDF significantly (p < 0.05). β-carotene was decreased by delay of hay-making. Consequently, to attain lower DM loss and higher hay quality, the harvest date of May 9 (heading stage) is recommended.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.125-135
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• 2019

Late-maturing Dark Horse, and early-maturing High Speed oat varieties were seeded on March 3, 2016 and harvested on three periods: May 31, June 10, and June 20 coded as early, mid, and late-harvest, respectively. Dried and ground samples were subjected to chemical analysis to determine nutritional values such as crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), organic matter (OM), and total digestible nutrient (TDN). Effective degradability (ED) of nutrients and fermentation characteristics including volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition, pH, gas production, and ammonia-N concentration were evaluated through an in vitro digestion method. Varieties of oat hays showed significant difference in terms of nutritional value, ED, and fermentation characteristics. Dark Horse showed higher CP and OM, and lower EE contents than High Speed. Dark Horse also showed higher EDDM (dry matter), NDF, ADF, and OM than High Speed, and although High Speed showed higher pH and ammonia-N, it had lower gas and total VFA production than Dark Horse. However, in terms of harvest period, significant difference was only observed in Dark Horse where early-harvest increased the CP, and late-harvest increased the NDF and OM contents. In addition, early-harvest of Dark Horse increased the EDDM and EDNDF of the forage. Therefore, early-harvest of late-maturing Dark Horse would give better nutrient efficiency than High Speed. Allowing Dark Horse to advance in maturity would decrease its nutrient productivity and efficiency.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.355-362
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted to evaluated the effect of maturity at harvest and wrap colors on the quality of round baled rye(Secal cereale L.) silage at the forage experimental field, Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Livestock Research Institute, Suwon in 1998. The experiment was consist of split-plot design with three repications. The main plots were three different harvesting stages : boot, heading, and flowering stages, the subplots were wrap colors : white, black, and light green color. Acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) of rye silage were increased with delayed harvesting date, but there were no significant differdence among wrap colors. However, average in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of rye silage with white color wrap tended to have higher than those of other colors. The silage pH of heading stage was highest (5.12), and that of flowering stage was lowest (4.57) in different harvest stages. Among tested wrap colors, white color wrap resulted on lowest pH than others (p<0.05), but there were no significant difference between black and light green color. Dry matter (DM) content of rye silage were increased as harvest stage progressed (p<0.05). However, DM content of white color was highest among warp colors, but there was signifiant difference (p<0.05). Ammonia-N content of silage harvested at boot stage was the highest in harvest stage, but there was no difference between heading and flowering stages. Among wrap colors tested, ammonia-N content of black color was highest, but there was no significant difference. The number of lactic acid bacteria of white colors was highest in different colors, and that of flowering stage was highest among harvest stage. Acetic and butyric acid contents were decreased as harvest stage progressed, and lactic acid was increased from 6.33 to 7.98%. However, wrap colors did not influence lactic acid concentration. Among different wrap colors, outside temperature of rye silage was affected by air temperature, but effect of inside temperature was minimal. Black color wrap increased inside temperature by $3{\sim}5^{\circ}C$. The results of this study indicate that rye should be harvested for round bale silage after heading stage. The quality of rye silage wrapped white and light green color will increase slightly.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.325-332
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• 2010

Pioneer 31N27 variety was planted on April 19 at Suwon to determine agronomic and silage traits over time. Ten harvest times was made at intervals of 10 days beginning July 1 to September 20, 2010. Stalk dry matter (DM) content increased with maturity, the highest by 58.5% on September 10 and then decreased (p<0.05). Ear and whole-plant DM content increased linearly with maturity, and whole-plant DM reached by 30% on August 11. Ear DM to whole-plant DM increased with maturity and reached by 63.2% on September 20. Ear DM yield increased with maturity, and stalk, whole-plant and TDN yield were the highest on September 10 and then decreased (p < 0.05). A regression coefficient for DM yield with maturity were 0.57 for stalk, 0.92 for ear, 0.90 for whole-plant and 0.93 for TDN yield.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.1233-1237
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• 2001

A study was conducted to determine the effects of maturity at harvest and wilting days on the quality of round baled rye (Secale cereale L.) silage. This study was a $3{\times}3$ factorial arrangement in a split plot design with 3 replicates. The main plot was 3 harvesting dates at the stage of boot (20 Apr.), heading (29 Apr.) and flowering (14 May). The subplot was wilting day : 0 (unwilted), 0.5 and 1 day (0, 1, and 2 days at boot stage). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of rye silage were significantly greater than those of rye before ensiling, but crude protein (CP) content and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were vice versa. Buffering capacity (BC) of rye harvested at flowering stage was decreased from 264 to 202 meq/kg at 1 day wilting, however, it was increased when harvested at boot or heading stage. The pH in wilted silage was the highest while that of flowering stage was the lowest. Water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of wilting rye was lower than that of unwilted, and the lowest at late harvesting stage. All plots had minimal WSC content for silage fermentation. Wilting treatment and delayed harvesting date caused an increase in dry matter (DM) content of round bale silage. The content of ammonia-N expressed as a portion of total N showed negative correlation with DM content. High quality silage according to ammonia-N content could be obtained from mid-harvest with wilting. There were highly significant differences in each organic acid between harvesting dates and wilting periods. Acetic and butyric acid contents were increased with delayed harvesting and prolonged wilting period, the lactic acid content, however, was decreased. This study demonstrated that harvest of rye from heading to flowering stage with wilting would be a recommendable method for making high quality rye silage using round bale system.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.251-260
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• 2002

The corn (Zea mays L) planting date in a double-cropping system is delayed until mid-May due to delayed rye harvest on May. This experiment was conducted to determine the optimum harvesting time for high yield and the best quality of silage corn at late planting date after harvesting winter rye. Corns were planted on 21 May and harvested at eight different maturity stage at Seoul National University Experimental Livestock Farm, Suwon in 1997. Maturities were B (blister; 16 days after silking), M (milk; 20 days), LM (late milk; 24 days), SD (soft dough; 28 days), ED (early dent; 33 days), FD (full dent; 38 days), LD (late dent; 44 days) and PM (physiological maturity; 53 days) stages. The percentage of whole plant dry matter (DM) showed optimum range for silage making (29.0 to 38.5%) when corn plant was harvested at between ED and LD stages. Maximum whole plant DM (14,831 kg/ha) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields (10,675 kg/ha) reached at full dent stage. The percentage of whole plant acid detergent fiber (ADF) was decreased from 35.4 to 22.1%, and that of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was also decreased from 63.8 to 46.0% as harvest stage progressed. These changes in chemical compositions were associated with changes in plant part composition. A progressive increase in total ear, and the decrease in stover portion in the plant were observed with advance in harvest stage. Calculated on net energy for lactation (NEL) and TDN values based on ADF percentage of stover plant decreased by ED stage and then increased by PM stage. But NEL and TDN values of ear and whole plant increased as harvest stage progressed. While in vitro dry matter digestibility of stover was decreased from 61.1 to 49.7%, whole plant was increased from 58.3 to 65.7% as maturity advanced (P$<$0.05). The results of this study indicate that corn can be harvested for silage at full (1/2 milkline) and late dent (2/3 milkline) stages for maximum yield and optimum quality at late planting. And days after silking at late planting was 38 and 44 days.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.583-591
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• 2011

'Formosa' plums were picked at three maturity stages according to skin redness, treated with $1{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 1-MCP at $10^{\circ}C$ for 24 h and then stored for 21 days at $10^{\circ}C$. Ethylene production, respiration rate, firmness, color, TSS, TA, and ethanol concentration were determined. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity were determined periodically by separating the flesh from the peel. Ethylene production and respiration rate were strongly inhibited in all stages of the 1-MCP-treated fruit, while ethylene production dramatically increased in all stages of non-treated fruit until 11 days after harvest, after which it decreased until the end of the experiment. The respiration rate of the stored fruit increased for 11 days in stages 1 and 2 and for 7 days in stage 3 and decreased after. 1-MCP-treated fruit in all stages showed delay in fruit quality changes such as firmness, TA, skin color, and ethanol concentration, but non-treated fruit did not. Total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity of 'Formosa' plums were not affected by 1-MCP treatment or maturity stage. However, those values were higher in the peel than in the flesh.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.431-435
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• 2015

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) ratooning is the production of a second rice crop from the stubble left behind after the main crop harvest. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of main-crop stubble height, irrigation and fertilization on ratoon grain yield. Main crop 'Jinbuol' rice cultivar was harvested to leave with 10, 20, 30, or 40 cm stubble height. When the main crop stubble was harvested with 10 cm height, ratoon rice grain yield was increased by 2,810 kg/ha. Irrigation on stubbles after main crop harvest did not affect the ratoon crop yield and rice quality. The results showed a large variation in the ratoon performance by fertilizer application methods. Top-dressed nitrogen fertilizer on the stubble after harvest caused increase in panicle production and higher maturity rate. However, there was no significant difference in protein content, amylose content of milled rice and cooked rice characters between plots managed with and without nitrogen fertilizer.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.241-246
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• 2002

Rye-hairy vetch mixture would be recommended fur produce higher yield and conserving soil environment. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of planting and harvest dates on quality and productivity of rye-hairy vetch mixture. Plant height of rye and hairy vetch was increased with delayed harvest dates, but it found that there was on significant difference among seeding dates. The dry matter(DM) content was increased with delayed harvest dates, and it showed 30% DM in mid-May. Crude protein(CP) content was decreased sharply from 17~18% in heading stage to 9~10% in flowering stage. The content of ADF(Acid detergent fiber) and NDF(Neutral detergent fiber) were increased with delayed harvest date, but IVDMD(In vitro dry matter digestibility) and TDN(Total digestible nutrient) were decreased. The change of dry matter yield was affected significantly by harvest date but was not by seeding time. The results of this experiments indicated that harvest in late-April would be recommended to produce the highest yield and quality if it is considered to cultivate com fur silage. Harvest in mid-May would be recommendable with the cultivation of early maturity silage corn or sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrids.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.50-55
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• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of pre-harvest factors on fruit quality and the incidence of storage disorders in 'Fuji' apple during CA storage. Incidence of storage disorders varied, depending on the growing regions, field conditions, and altitude of the orchards. Results indicated that fruit maturity may play a crucial role in the incidence and severity of flesh browning and watercore. The incidence of these storage disorders increased with fruit maturity until 180 days after full bloom (DAFB). In addition, occurrence of watercore was correlated with the incidence of flesh browning during CA storage. The incidence of flesh browning was positively correlated with the sum of the diurnal temperature range from September through October and amount of precipitation from August to October in 1996-1999 growing years. These results suggested that 'Fuji' apple should be harvested no later than 180 DAFB because the late harvested fruits were prone to development of watercore which was correlated with the incidence of flesh browing during CA storage in Korea.