• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 2010

Chlorophyll fluorescence has been researched for assessing fruit post-harvest quality and condition. The objective of this preliminary research was to investigate the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy for measuring apple fruit quality. Ultraviolet (UV) and blue light was used as an excitation source for inducing fluorescence in apples. Fluorescence spectra were measured from 'Golden Delicious' (GD) and 'Red Delicious' (RD) apples using a visible/near-infrared spectrometer after one, three, and five minutes of continuous UV/blue light illumination. Standard destructive tests were performed to measure fruit firmness, skin and flesh color, soluble solids and acid content from the apples. Calibration models for each of the three illumination time periods were developed to predict fruit quality indexes. The results showed that fluorescence emission decreased steadily during the first three minutes of UV/blue light illumination and was stable within five minutes. The differences were minimal in the model prediction results based on fluorescence data at one, three or five minutes of illumination. Overall, better predictions were obtained for apple skin chroma and hue and flesh hue with values for the correlation coefficient of validation between 0.80 and 0.90 for both GD and RD. Relatively poor predictions were obtained for fruit firmness, soluble solids content, titrational acid, and flesh chroma. This research has demonstrated that fluorescence spectroscopy is potentially useful for assessing selected quality attributes of apple fruit and further research is needed to improve fluorescence measurements so that better predictions of fruit quality can be achieved.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11b
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• pp.204-209
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• 2000

At harvest, the starch contents of apples, which were related to their maturity, were quantified by using image analysis. The stained area was measured by a computer vision system when an apple slice was stained with KI/I$_2$ solution. The stained area ratio of the stained area of the apple slice to its whole area, or the starch index, was defined as an indicator of starch content. When Tsugaru apples were manually sorted into immature, turning and mature groups, their starch indices were 0.374, 0.312 and 0.129, respectively. Meanwhile, the starch index had correlation to various physicochemical properties of Tsugaru apples. At the statistically significant level of 0.1 %, it was correlated with the pH value, bio-yield force, rupture force and color of intact and skin-removed apples. At the 1 ％ significant level, it had the correlation with the density and moisture content.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.41-60
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• 1983

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of stage of maturity at harvest on the quality of silage. Herbage samples taken from the barley plant, rye plant, wheat plant, oat plant, Orchardgrass, Italian ryegrass, a mixed grass sward of Orchardgrass and Italian ryegrass and corn plant at different stages of maturity and ensiled in order to evaluate the effect of maturity on the chemical composition and feeding value as well as digestibility using sheep. Forage material were ensiled in small concrete silo. 1. The dry matter yield per 10a increased with advancing the maturity. Yield of brarley plant was 404, 635 and 900 kg at heading, milk and milk dough stage, respectively. Rye plant yield was 279, 589, 708, 10,000, 1,265, 1,376 and 1,492 kg at booting, before heading, early heading, late heading, early flowering, late flowering and after flowering stage, respectively. Italian ryegrass yield was 355, 613, 844 and 1,109 kg at vegetative, booting, heading and flowering, respectively. Orchardgrass/Italian ryegrass production was 477, 696, 891 and 1,027 kg at before was 458, 1,252, 1,534, 1,986 and 2,053 kg at tassel, early milk, yellow ripe and ripe stage, respectively. 2. Dry matter content increased with advancing maturity, but crude protein declined markedly. The NFE content decreased with advancing maturity of all the herbages except corn plant where NFE content increased, but corn plant increased. The content of crude fiber increased with advancing maturity except corn plant. The content of crude ash decreased with advancing maturity. In the rye plant, the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and cellulose increased with advancing maturity. 3. In vitro dry matter digestibilities of the rye plant was 53.6, 54.1, 50.7, 47.1, 44.9, 40.1 and 38.9% booting, before hcading, early heading, late heading, early flowering, late flowering and after flowering stage, respectively. The regression equation was $Y=56.22-0.74X+0.009X^2$ (X=cutting date from the first cut, Y=dry matter digestibilities). 4. In vitro digestible dry matter yield (kg/10a) of rye plant increased with advancing maturity, but declined from the flowering stage. The regression equation was $Y=168.88+26.09X-0.41X^2$ (X=cutting date from the first cut). 5. In vitro digestibility of dry matter in the corn plant was 69.2, 71.5, 69.8 and 69.9% at tassel, early milk, milk and yellow ripe stage, respectively. 6. The digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber of all plants decreased with advancing matuity, but NFE of the barley and corn generally increased. 7. The TDN contents on the dry matter basis decreased, but those of barley and corn silage were not different. TDN content of barley was 57.8, 57.1 and 57.9% at heading, milk and milk dough stage, respectively. That of rye silage was 50.0, 27.2 and 43.7% at early flowering, after flowering and milk stage, respectively. Italian ryegrass silage was 67.9, 63.7, and 54.9% at before heading, early heading and after heading, respectively. In case of Orchardgrass silage the TDN was 54.8, 52.9 and 46.1% at after heading, after flowering and milk, respectively. Corn shows TDN value of 59.5, 62.8 and 61.6% at milk, yellow ripe and ripe, respectively. 8. The pH value increased slightly by advancing maturity. 9. the content of organic acid decreased by advancing maturity and also increasing the DM content.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.253-264
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate growth characteristics, yield, chemical compositions and nutrients yield of corn hybrids for silage in the newly reclaimed hilly land. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The seeding time was at May 6. The harvest time of four treatments was milk stage (97 days), dough stage (105 days), yellow stage (112 days) and late yellow stage (119 days after seeding). Plant height, ear height, leaf numbers and ear length were highest in yellow stage (p<0.05, 0.01), but dead leaf, stem hardness and sugar degree (Brix) were higher in late yellow than other treatments. Leaf width, tip filling degree and fresh yield were not significantly different. Dry matter yield increased as the maturity stage progressed (p<0.01). Crude protein and crude fat were not significantly different. NDF and ADF decreased as the maturity stage progressed (p<0.01). Ca content was the highest at milk stage (p<0.05), Fe and P were the highest at dough stage (p<0.05, 0.01). However another minerals were not significantly different. Essential amino acid (EAA), nonessential amino acid (NEAA) and total amino acid were highest at yellow stage, but no significant differences were found among the treatments. Total free sugar contents were higher in the order of Milk > dough > yellow > late yellow stage, but no significant differences were found among the treatments. Crude protein yield was the highest at yellow stage, but crude fat yield, amino acid yield and TDN yield were highest at late yellow stage (p<0.01). Total mineral yield showed no significant difference. Based on the above results, yellow and late yellow stage compared to other maturity stage have been shown to increase dry matter yield and nutrients yield, when silage corn grow cultivate in the newly reclaimed hilly land.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.408-421
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• 1989

The effects of seeding and clipping termination dates, and seeding and fertilizer rates on forage and grain yields were evaluated in 1989 harvest year for dual production of forage and grain of naked and malting barleys in Cheju province. In the experiment I, 'Saessalbori' (naked barleY)1 and 'Doosan 22' (malting barley) were seeded on Sept. 21, Oct. 12 and Nov. 2, respectively. An unclipped(grain-only) treatment that was planted on Nov. 2 was included for check. In the experiment II, the two above cultivars were planted at seed rate of 14, 20 and 26 and kg/l0a. Fertilizer rates were 9-6-12, 17-13-8 and 22-16-11 (N-P$_2$O$\sub$5/-K$_2$O) kg/l0a. Seeding dates were Oct. 13 and Nov. 7 for clipped treatments and grain -only treatment(seeding rate: 14kg/l0a, N-P$_2$O$\sub$5/-K$_2$O=9-6-12 kg/l0a), respectively. All treatments in both experiments were harvested for grain yield. In Saessalbori, survival following forage removal was 100％ regardless of seeding and clipping termination dates, and seeding and fertilizer rates. In Doosan 22, survival percenage decreased with increasing seeding and fertilizer rates when plants was clipped in January to Febuary. Forage yield of two cultivars increased with early planting and delays in clipping termination and tended to increase as seeding and fertilizer rates were increased. Crude ash and fat were not affected by seeding and fertilizer rates, and clipping date. Crude protein increased with an increase in fertilizer rate and decreased with delays in clipping date. N free extract tended to increase with delaying clipping date and decreased with increasing fertilizer rate. Earlier planting resulted in earlier heading and maturity. Clipping slightly delayed heading of Saessalbori and greatly delayed that of Doosan 22. Maturity of Doosan 22 was delayed 3 to 5 days by increased fertilization. Clipping shortened culm length more severely in Doosan 22 than in Saessalbori. The later the clipping termination, the shorter the culm length. The number of spikes per m$^2$ and the number of kernels per spike were not affected by clipping in Saessalbori while those of Doosan 22 were decreased with delays in clipping termination. Delaying forage harvest resulted In a reduction in grain yield. However, final clipping on Feb. 27 reduced grain yield of Saessalbori by only 6-11 ％ compared to the grain-only treatment. In Doosan 22, forage harvest after Dec. 28 resulted in 6 to 66％ reduction of grain yield. The data indicate that grazing of naked and malting barleys until late Feb. and late Dec., respectively, might not reduce grain yields when planted on mid-Sept. to mid-Oct.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.407-414
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• 2013

This study was carried out to understand the physiological characteristics of 'Manpungbae' (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) pears through the seasonal changes of pericarp structure and anatomical differences between bagging and non-bagging treatment, and also fruit quality and peel coloration characteristics at the harvest time. The pericarp at full bloom was consists of outer epidermis, hypodermis, parenchyma cell, and inner epidermis from the exterior. The cell layers from the outer epidermis to vascular bundle increased rapidly 7-10 layers to 18-26 layers from full bloom (FB) to 77 days after full bloom (DAFB) and did not change significantly until maturity. Thus, the cell division period of 'Manpungbae' pear was until 77 DAFB and during this period, the thickness from hypodermis to vascular bundle increased from $73.1{\mu}m$ to $195{\mu}m$ in this period. Stone cells were formed from seven to 21 DAFB and stone cell clusters were formed around 49 DAFB. The cork cell layer was formed between 49 and 77 DAFB. 'Manpungbae' fruit pericarp was consists of 4.5 layers of the cork cell layers and seven layers of hypodermis which has the tannin at harvest time (161 DAFB). Comparison of the fruit enlargement and fruit structure development by bagging or non-bagging showed that 'Manpungbae' fruits without bagging had more than three cork cell layer than those with bagging at maturity. The size of stone cell clusters were varied in two treatments. Fruit weight was higher in the non-bagging treatment but there was no difference in soluble solid contents (SSC) between two treatments. The weight of the 'Manpunbae' fruit was distributed from 301 g to more 900 g and the average fruit weight was 677.2 g at harvest time, and fruits in the range of 551-800 g accounted for 71.6% of total production. The SSC, acidity and SSC/acidity ratio was $10.2-12.1^{\circ}Brix$, 0.10-1.24% and 9.76-14.31 respectively, and the SSC was higher in bigger fruit which had a very higher positive correlation with a fruit weight. However, the fruit firmness tended to be lower with fruit size which had a very higher negative correlation with the fruit weight and SSC. The cork cell layer numbers between yellowish brown and green pericarp were not different significantly, in 3.8 and 3.5 respectively.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.345-356
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• 2012

We investigated the changes of fruit quality parameters, polysaccharide contents and cell wall components during maturation and ripening of two Korean pear cultivar 'Hanareum' and 'Manpungbae' compared with 'Niitaka' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) which showed different physiological maturity based on days after full bloom (DAFB). Flesh firmness decreased continuously with fruit development and maturation, reaching a final level of 29.4, 33.5, and 27.4N at maturity in 'Hanareum' (127 DAFB), 'Manpungbae' (163 DAFB), and 'Niitaka' (170 DAFB), respectively. The level of ethylene production was very low in early season 'Hanareum' pear which showed at most 0.39 ${\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ at maturity and no ethylene was detected in 'Manpungbae' and 'Niitaka' at maturity. Fructose was the most abundant soluble sugar during fruit maturation in the pears tested and an increase of sucrose was observed during fruit ripening in the Asian pears commonly. Ethanol insoluble solids (EIS) content decreased gradually with different levels among the pear cultivars as fruit ripens consisted of 10.79, 12.72, and 12.75 $mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ FW. The amount of total soluble polyuronides was higher in early season cultivars 'Hanareum' than those of mid-season cultivar 'Manpungbae' and 'Niitaka'. In 'Niitaka' which harvested most late season, the level of 4% KOH soluble hemicelluloses was lower than 'Hanareum' and 'Manpungbae' and maintained constantly during fruit ripening period. Cellulosic residues were determined high level in 'Niitaka' which showed 612.33 ${\mu}g{\cdot}mg^{-1}$ EIS at maturity when compared with 'Hanareum' (408.0 ${\mu}g{\cdot}mg^{-1}$ EIS) and 'Manpungbae' (538.67 ${\mu}g{\cdot}mg^{-1}$ EIS). The main constituents of cell wall neutral sugars which consisted of arabinose, xylose, galactose, and glucose were decreased gradually with onset of fruit ripening regardless of cultivar. Arabinose which was predominant in 'Hanareum' pear decreased at the last stage of ripening, but the changes of cell wall neutral sugar during ripening were not occurred in 'Niitaka' pear. The change of molecular mass distribution in water soluble pectin observed dominantly at the early stage of fruit development. Depolymerization of 4% KOH-soluble hemicelluloses and degradation of xyloglucan showed in early-season cultivar 'Hanareum' during fruit maturation, and degradation of those fractions were detected only at the early stage fruit development in mid-season cultivar 'Manpungbae' and 'Niitaka'. The molecular mass profile of CDTA soluble pectin, $Na_2CO_3$-SP and 24% KOH soluble hemicelluloses showed no significant change during fruit maturation regardless of cultivar.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.310-316
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• 2017

This study was analyzed the effects of boron (B), calcium (Ca), silicon (Si) on quality and shelf life of 'Unicorn' cherry tomato at the light red maturity-stage. The storage conditions were modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) by oxygen transmission rate (OTR) packaging film at $5^{\circ}C$, $11^{\circ}C$, and $24^{\circ}C$. Respiration and ethylene production were the lowest in B + Ca + Si -treated tomato fruits. The lowest fresh weight loss and the longest shelf life resulted from the B + Ca + Si treatment. And the firmness was enhanced by B + Ca + Si treatment at harvest time, and it was retained after storage at $5^{\circ}C$, $11^{\circ}C$, and $24^{\circ}C$. Significantly lower soluble solids, lycopene, and color development were found at B + Ca + Si-treated tomato fruits compared with control after storage. Moreover, the highest titratable acidity and vitamin C content were observed in B + Ca + Si-treated tomato fruits after storage. From the above results, it was concluded that B + Ca + Si combined treatment can delay the maturity of cherry tomato after harvesting, and retained the firmness and prolong the shelf life.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.81-91
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• 1994

This study was conducted to find a potential effect of ethephon or dichlorprop spray on the fruit growth and maturation in 'Niitaka' pears. Chemicals were applied between June 10 to 24 (7-9 weeks after full bloom). Ethephon in the range from 25 ppm to 100 ppm, and dichlorprop from 20 ppm to 40 ppm reduced the fruit size regardless application time and concentration. The fruit growth was more inhibited at the higher concentrations in both chemicals. Flesh firmness was more rapidly decreased in the fruit treated by both chemicals. Firmness at harvest was lowest in the treatment of 100 ppm ethephon. The climacteric increase of ethylene synthesis occurred earlier in the fruit treated by ethephon or dichlorprop regardless application concentrations and the maximum peak of ethylene production was rugher. Total phenolics significantly reduced in fruits treated with ethephon. However, the contents of soluble solids and acid were not affected by ethephon or dichlorprop treatment. Ground color was changed rapidlys by the treatments resulting in the early maturation of fruit. Optimum maturity of fruit was shortened 2-3 days by ethephon and 3-4 days by dichlorporp when maturity was determined on the basis of ground color development and firmness.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.305-305
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• 2017

Seoritae with green cotyledons refers to Korean native black beans harvested when the frost falls because the maturity is late. It is one of the beans preferred by consumers because of its softness and high sugar content. Because of late maturity, if the agricultural work is delayed by weather or agricultural schedule in green cotyledon black soybean (Seoritae), it affects seriously harvest and yield of soybeans. The aim of this study was to investigate the marginal seeding period on June 30, July 10 and July 20 in Cheongju and Jecheon area in Korea to produce stable soybean yield. The yields of green cotyledon black soybean as seeding date in Cheongju area are as follows: Seolitae (Yeoncheon), Seoltae (Goesan) and Seoritae (Gogseong), which increased by 23%, 56%, 23% and 40%, respectively, compare to July 10th to June 30th. As soybean sowing is delayed, the quality of soybean seeds has decreased due to the increase of immature seeds and fungal damaged seeds. The contents of anthocyanin in Cheongju area a functional substance of soybeans, was high on July 20 for Heukcheong, on June 30 for Seolitae (Yeoncheon), on July 10 for Seoritae (Goesan). The yields of Heukcheong and Seolitae (Yeoncheon) in Jecheon area were increased by 5% and 17%, respectively, compare to July 10th to June 30th, while Seolite (Goesan) and Seolite (Gogseong) were high in yields on June 30th. Similarly in Cheongju area, as the sowing period is delayed, the number of immature and mold damaged seeds in Jecheon area increased. The contents of anthocyanin in Jecheon area was high on July 10 for Heukcheong, on June 30 for Seolitae (Yeoncheon) and Seolitae (Goesan). From the above results, Sowing marginal date of green cotyledon black soybeans (Seolitae) in Cheongju area increased 30% in sowing on July 10 and increased 2% in sowing on July 20 compared to June 30. And Sowing marginal date of green cotyledon black soybeans (Seolitae) in Jecheon area increased 2% in July 10 compared to June 30, and the yield decreased rapidly on July 20. We have identified the seeding time limit of green cotyledon black bean in Chungbuk province. It will be possible to provide a variety of crop selection after double cropping of farmers. And by knowing the yield and seed quality of soybean according to sowing date, farmers will observe appropriate sowing period of soybeans for high quality. From the viewpoint of consumers, functional substances of Seoritae will meet the desire for health.