• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국콘크리트학회 2004년도 추계 학술발표회 제16권2호
• /
• pp.49-52
• /
• 2004

In this studies, Dapped End Beams(DEB) having disturbed regions were designed by using strut tie model, and the main purpose of this paper is that whether T-headed bars and Steel fibers will be present or not. The ability of DEB with T-headed bars have a superior performance rather than others, such as improved ductility, larger energy adsorption and enhanced post-peak load carrying capability. The capacity of DEB with steel fibers also show increase of ductility, shear strength, fatigue strength and crack. Each DEB with both headed bars and steel fibers, headed bars, and steel fibers as a substitute reinforced steel in the disturbed regions and a DEB with only stirrup and tie reinforced steel were comparable. In contrast, the headed bar stirrups, the tie headed bars and the reinforced steel fibers did not lose their anchorage and hence were able to develop strain hardening and also served to delay buckling of the flexural compression steel. Excellent load-deflection predictions were obtained by increasing the tension stiffening effect to account for high load effects.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.193-201
• /
• 2007

The present paper deals with the application of the explicit finite element code, PAM-CRASH, to simulate the crash behavior of steel thin-walled tubes with various cross-sections subjected to axial loading. An isotropic elastic, linear strain-hardening material model was used in the finite element analysis and the strain-rate sensitivity of mild steel was modeled by using the Cowper-Symonds constitutive equation with modified coefficients. The modified coefficients were applied in numerical collapse simulations of 11 types of thin-walled polygon tubes: 7 convex polygon tubes and 4 concave polygon tubes. The results show that the thin hexagonal tube and the thick octagonal tube showed relatively good performance within the convex polygon tubes. The crush strengths of the hexagonal and octagonal tubes increased by about 20% and 25% from the crush strength of the square tube, respectively. Among the concave tubes, the I-type tube showed the best performance. Its crush strength was about 50% higher than the crush strength of the square tube.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소성가공학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.275-278
• /
• 2005

INCONEL 718, nickel based superalloy, has good formability, high strength, excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties at high temperature. Owing to theses attractive properties, it finds use in applications such as combustion system, turbine engines and nuclear reactors. In such applications, components are typically required to be tolerant of high stress impact loading. This may cause material degradation and lead to catastrophic failure during service operation. In order to design optimal structural parts made of INCONEL 718, accurate understanding of material's mechanical properties, dynamic behavior and fracture characteristic as a function of strain rates are required. This paper concerned with the dynamic material properties of the INCONEL 718 for the various strain rates. The dynamic response of the INCONEL 718 at intermediate strain rate is obtained from the high speed tensile test machine test and at the high strain rate is from the split Hopkinson pressure bar test. Based on the experimental results, the effects of strain rate on dynamic flow stress, work hardening characteristics, strain rate sensitivity and elongation to the failure are evaluated. Experimental results from both quasi-static and high strain rate up to the 5000/sec are interpolated in order to construct the Johnson-Cook model as the constitutive relation that should be applied to simulate and design the structural parts made of INCONEL 718.

• 소성∙가공
• /
• 제14권6호
• /
• pp.559-564
• /
• 2005

INCONEL 718, nickel based superalloy, has good formability, high strength, excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties at high temperature. Owing to theses attractive properties, it is utilized in applications such as combustion system, turbine engines and nuclear reactors. In such applications, components are typically required to be tolerant of high stress impact loading. This may cause material degradation and lead to catastrophic failure during service operation. Accurate understanding of material's mechanical properties with various strain rates is required in order to guarantee the reliability of structural parts made of INCONEL 718. This paper is concerned with the dynamic material properties of the INCONEL 718 at various strain rates. The dynamic response of the INCONEL 718 at the intermediate strain rate is obtained from the high speed tensile test and at the high strain rate is from the split Hopkinson pressure bar test. The effect of the strain rate on dynamic flow stress, work hardening characteristics, strain rate sensitivity and elongation to the failure is evaluated with the experimental results. Experimental results from both the quasi-static and the high strain rate up to 5000/sec are interpolated in order to construct the Johnson-Cook model as the constitutive relation that should be applied to simulate and design the structural parts made of rNCONEL 718.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.423-435
• /
• 2018

There are presently two general ways of accounting for hazardous metal creep in structural fire analyses: either we incorporate creep strains implicitly in hardening model ('implicit-creep' plasticity) or we account for creep explicitly ('explicit-creep' plasticity). The first approach is simpler and usually used for fast engineering applications, e.g., following proposals of EN 1993-1-2. Prioritizing this approach without consideration of its limitations, however, may lead to significant error. So far the possible levels of such error have been demonstrated by few researchers for individual structural elements (i.e., beams and columns). This paper, however, presents analyses also for selected beam-girder assemblies. Special numerical models are developed correspondingly and they are validated and verified. Their important novelty is that they do not only account for creep in individual members but also for creep in between-member connections. The paper finally shows that outside the declared applicability limits of the implicit-creep plasticity models, the failure times predicted by the applied alternative explicit-creep models can be as much as 40% shorter. Within the limits, however, the discrepancies might be negligible for majority of cases with the exception of about 20% discrepancies found in one analysed example.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.405-426
• /
• 2000

Two approximate methods based on mechanism analysis suitable for seismic assessment/design of structural concrete are reviewed. The methods involve use of equal energy concept or equal displacement concept along with appropriate patterns of inelastic deformations to relate structure's maximum lateral displacement to member and plastic deformations. One of these methods (Clough's method), defined here as a ductility-based approach, is examined in detail and a modification for its improvement is suggested. The modification is based on estimation of maximum inelastic displacement using inelastic design response spectra (IDRS) as an alternative to using equal energy concept. The IDRS for demand displacement ductilities are developed for a single degree of freedom model subjected to several accelerograms as functions of response modification factor (R), damping ratios, and strain hardening. The suggested revised methodology involves estimation of R as the ratio of elastic strength demand to code level demand, and determination of design base shear using $R_{design}{\leq}R$ and maximum displacement, determination of plastic displacement using IDRS and subsequent local plastic deformations. The methodology is demonstrated for the case of a 10-story precast wall panel building.

• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.103-119
• /
• 2013

The applicability of limit analysis methods in design and assessment of concrete structures generally requires a certain plastic deformation capacity. The latter is primarily provided by the ductility of the reinforcement, being additionally affected by the bond properties between reinforcing steel and concrete since they provoke strain localization in the reinforcement at cracks. The bond strength of reinforcing bars is not only governed by concrete quality, but also by construction details such as bar ribbing, bar spacing or concrete cover thickness. For new concrete structures, a potentially unfavorable impact on bond strength can easily be anticipated through appropriate code rules on construction details. In existing structures, these requirements may not be necessarily satisfied, consequently requiring additional considerations. This two-part paper investigates in a theoretical study the impacts of the most frequently encountered construction details which may not satisfy design code requirements on bond strength, steel strain localization and plastic deformation capacity of cracked structural concrete. The first part introduces basic considerations on bond, strain localization and plastic deformation capacity as well as the fundamentals of the Tension Chord Model underlying the further investigations. It also analyzes the impacts of the hardening behavior of reinforcing steel and concrete quality. The second part discusses the impacts of construction details (bar ribbing, bar spacing, and concrete cover thickness) and of additional structure-specific features such as bar diameter and crack spacing.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제53권2호
• /
• pp.647-656
• /
• 2021

Knowing a material's true stress-strain curve is essential for performing a nonlinear finite element analysis to solve an elastoplastic problem. This study presents a simple methodology to determine the true stress-strain curve of type 304 and 316 austenitic stainless steels in the full range of strain from a typical tensile test. Before necking, the true stress and strain values are directly converted from engineering stress and strain data, respectively. After necking, a true stress-strain equation is determined by iteratively conducting finite element analysis using three pieces of information at the necking and the fracture points. The Hockett-Sherby equation is proposed as an optimal stress-strain model in a non-uniform deformation region. The application to the stainless steel under different temperatures and loading conditions verifies that the strain hardening behavior of the material is adequately described by the determined equation, and the estimated engineering stress-strain curves are in good agreement with those of experiments. The presented method is intrinsically simple to use and reduces iterations because it does not require much experimental effort and adopts the approach of determining the stress-strain equation instead of correcting the individual stress at each strain point.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.141-156
• /
• 2019

This paper presents the flexural behaviour of stainless steel beam-to-tubular column joints with extended endplates subjected to static loading. Moment-rotation relationships were investigated numerically by using Abaqus software with geometric and material nonlinearity considered. The prediction of damages among components was achieved through ductile damage models, and the influence of initial geometric imperfections and residual stresses was evaluated in large fabricated stainless steel joints involving hollow columns and concrete-filled columns. Parametric analysis was subsequently conducted to assess critical factors that could affect the flexural performance significantly in terms of the initial stiffness and moment resistance. A comparison between codes of practice and numerical results was thereafter made, and design recommendations were proposed for further applications. Results suggest that the finite element model can predict the structural behaviour reasonably well with the component damage consistent with test outcomes. Initial geometric imperfections and residual stresses are shown to have little effect on the moment-rotation responses. A series of parameters that can influence the joint behaviour remarkably include the strain-hardening exponents, stainless steel strength, diameter of bolts, thickness of endplates, position of bolts, section of beams and columns. AS/NZS 2327 is more reliable to predict the joint performance regarding the initial stiffness and moment capacity compared to EN 1993-1-8.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제22권6호
• /
• pp.527-538
• /
• 2018

Buckling of longitudinal bars is a brittle failure mechanism, often recorded in reinforced concrete (RC) structures after an earthquake. Studies in the literature highlights that it often occurs when steel is in the post elastic range, by inducing a modification of the engineered stress-strain law of steel in compression. A proper evaluation of this effect is of fundamental importance for correctly evaluating capacity and ductility of structures. Significant errors can be obtained in terms of ultimate bending moment and curvature ductility of an RC section if these effects are not accounted, as well as incorrect evaluations are achieved by non-linear static analyses. This paper presents a numerical investigation aiming to evaluate the engineered stress-strain law of reinforcing steel in compression, including second order effects. Non-linear FE analyses are performed under the assumption of local buckling. A role of key parameters is evaluated, making difference between steel with strain hardening or with perfectly plastic behaviour. Comparisons with experimental data available in the literature confirm the accuracy of the achieved results and make it possible to formulate recommendations for design purposes. Finally, comparisons are made with analytical formulations available in the literature and based on obtained results, a modification of the stress-strain law model of Dhakal and Maekawa (2002) is proposed for fitting the numerical predictions.