• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.692-701
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• 2008

This study was conducted with 150 adults of 20 years or older, all of whom lived in Seoul. The awareness of traditional Hangwa (Korean cookies) was shown to be relatively low, with 2.9 points on average, and the intake of traditional Hangwa for a month was 2.1 times. For the reason that traditional Hangwa couldn't become popular, and the opinion that the reason was because the price is expensive was the highest, at 3.8. The next highest reasons given were because it is difficult to buy, and because it is inconvenient to eat, at 3.0. The traditional Hangwa was shown to enjoy positive awareness as opposed to negative awareness, while the manufacturing sanitation was also recognized to be relatively clean, with 2.6 points assigned to the opinion that it doesn't taste good, and 2.7 points assigned to the opinion that the manufacturing sanitation is unclean. With regard to the excellence of traditional Hangwa, the response that 'our tradition can be handed down' was the most often encountered, with a score of 3.9. The traditional Hangwa was appraised as excellent, with 3.6 points assigned to the opinion 'it suits our body because it is made with our agricultural products' and 3.4% for each opinion 'safe ingredients are used' and 'all ingredients are good for health'. With regard to the level of agreement for the development of functional traditional Hangwa, the positive group was higher than 25.3% of the negative group, with 27.3% for 'agree very much' and 22.0% for 'agree'. When converted into a 5-point scale for the development of functional traditional Hangwa, the group that was positive toward its development was high, with 3.4 points on average. All categories of excellence awareness were correlated with the level of agreement for the development of a functional food product (p<0.001). Consumer awareness toward the addition of traditional Hangwa functionality was generally positive, with 3.3 points or higher on average, and awareness of the aging suppression and diabetes control effects of Hangwa was also high, with 3.5 points. Next were Hangwa for diet, Hangwa for blood pressure control, Hangwa for mineral supple-mentation and vitamin additive-type Hangwa, with 3.4 for each, and Hangwa for health preservation, with 3.3 in order. With regard to the degree of interest toward functional traditional Hangwa for the treatment of diseases, obese patients cited aging suppression, at 3.2, and vitamin additive Hangwa, at 3.0, while Hangwa for dieting was assigned 2.8 points. Patients with high blood pressure, blood circulation, and diabetes were all shown as having a high degree of interest in all items, while evidencing particular interest toward Hangwa for diabetes control and Hangwa for blood pressure control. With regard to intention to purchase while developing functional traditional Hangwa, the group asserting intention to purchase was higher than 60% for all items except for Hangwa for diabetes control (58.7%). The Hangwa for aging suppression was highest, at 68.6%, and shown as having intention to purchase during development in the order of vitamin additive Hangwa at 68.0%, Hangwa for mineral supplementation at 64.6%, each of Hangwa for health preservation and Hangwa for blood pressure control at 62.7%, Hangwa for diet at 62.6% and Hangwa for diabetes control at 58.7%. The considerations during the development of functional traditional Hangwa were in the following order: storage at 4.1 points, taste and level of function at 3.9 points, size at 3.5 points, and packing at 3.4 points.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.387-395
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• 2015

This study analyzed the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) of purchase behaviors and attributes for Hangwa. The data for this study were collected over 10 days from April 10 through April 19, 2013. For empirical research, married women over the age of 20 in Gwangju with buying experience of Hangwa were surveyed. A total of 172 questionnaires were completed and statistically analyzed by SPSS 18.0 package. Analysis rate was 96.6%. To review Hangwa purchase behaviors, most respondents bought Hangwa four or five times per year for memorial services or ancestral rites. Respondents bought Hangwa at big supermarkets and the types of Hangwa bought were Yukwa and Yakgwa. Their average expenses were 20,000 to 30,000 won per purchase. Among purchase attributes of Hangwa, respondents considered the importance of 'sanitation' (4.76 points) a top priority, followed by 'origin' (4.75 points), 'quality' (4.74 points), 'taste' (4.57 points) and 'appearance' (3.82 points). However in the case of satisfaction, 'sanitation' (3.85 points) was the most satisfying aspect, followed by 'package' (3.82 points), 'amount' (3.80 points), 'appearance' (3.51 points) and 'taste' (3.41 points). According to the IPA results, 'quality' and 'origin' purchase attributes, should be quickly improved. 'Sanitation' and 'taste' should be maintained. This survey found that satisfaction levels for Hangwa purchase attributes had a significant influence on overall satisfaction (F=29.11, p<.001), and especially 'taste' ($\beta$=.42, t=6.69, p<.001) had a meaningful effect on overall satisfaction. In addition, satisfaction levels for Hangwa purchase attributes affected repurchase intention (F=20.05, p<.001). From these results, Hangwa manufacturers should make efforts in product development to induce customers satisfaction and repurchase intention.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2012

Hangwa is a traditional food, corresponding to the current consumption trend, in need of marketing strategies to extend its consumption. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze consumers’ consumption patterns and perception of Hangwa to increase consumption in the market. A questionnaire was sent to 250 consumers by e-mail from Oct 8~23, 2009 and the data from 231 persons were analyzed in this study. Statistical, descriptive, paired samples t-test, and importance-performance analyses were conducted using SPSS WIN 17.0. According to the results, Hangwa was purchased mainly 'for present' (39.8%) and the main reasons for buying it were 'traditional image' (33.3%) and 'taste' (22.5%). When importance and performance of attributes considered in purchasing Hangwa were evaluated, performance was assessed to be lower than importance for all attributes. The attributes in the first quadrant with a high importance and a high performance were ‘a sanitary process’, ‘a rigorous quality mark’ and ‘taste’, which were related with quality of the products. In addition, those with a high importance but a low performance were ‘popularization through advertisement’, ‘promotion through mass media’, ‘conversion of thought on traditional foods’, ‘a reasonable price’ and ‘a wide range of price’. In conclusion, Hangwa manufacturers need to diversify products and extend the expiration date based on technologies to promote its consumption. In terms of price, Hangwa should become more available by lowering the price barrier for consumers who are sensitive to price.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.227-242
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• 2008

This study was conducted to construct database of Korean local foods, and to investigate the total kinds of local foods using a traditional Korean food classification system. A total of 2,137 kinds of local foods were investigated. The results for 10 local provinces are as follows. Seoul had a total of 116 kinds of local foods that were investigated including 13 main dishes, 41 side dishes, 22 kinds of ttdok lyou, 20 kinds of hangwa lyou, and 19 kinds of emuchong lyou. The Gyeonggi local foods totaled 209 kinds: 37 kind main dishes, 130 kind side dishes, 26 kinds of ttdok lyou, 7 kinds of hangwa lyou, and 9 kinds of emuchong lyou. The Gangwon local foods included a total of 198 kinds: 37 main dishes, 111 side dishes, 35 kinds of tteok lyou, 8 kinds of hangwa lyou, and 7 kinds of eumchong lyou. The Chungbuk local foods included a total of 123 kinds: 19 main dishes, 68 side dishes, 17 kinds of tteok lyou, 14 kinds of hangwa lyou, and 5 kinds of eumchong lyou. The Chungnam local foods totaled 185 kinds: 26 main dishes, 124, side dishes, 16 kinds of tteok lyou, 14 kinds of hangwa lyou, and 5 kinds of eumchong lyou. The Gyongbuk local foods investigated included 314 kinds: 52 main dishes, 170 side dishes, 52 kinds of tteok lyou, 21 kinds of hangwa lyoll, and 19 kinds of eumchong lyou. The Gyongnam local foods totaled 342 kinds: 63 main dishes, 234 side dishes, 16 kinds of tteoks lyou, 15 kinds of hangwa lyou and 14 kinds of eumchong lyou. The Jeonbuk local foods totaled 146 kinds: 25 main dishes, 85 side dishes, 18 kinds of tteok lyou, 14 kinds of hangwa lyou, and 4 kinds of eumchong lyou, The Jeonnam local foods totaled 309 kinds: 32 main dish, 207 side dishes,20 kinds of tteok lyou, 27 kinds of hangwa lyou, and 23 kinds of eumchong lyou. Finally, the Jeju local foods totaled 195 kinds: 36 main dishes, 123 side dishes, 19 kinds of tteok lyou, 10 kinds of hangwa lyou and 7 kinds of eumchong lyou.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.140-152
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• 2011

As increased demand for well-being food caused more interest in hangwa, or Korean traditional sweets and cookies, this study attempted to analyze the effects of psychological well-being awareness on selection attributes for it and customer satisfaction based on the customers who buy hangwa. As a result of statistical analysis, psychological well-being awareness positively affects selection attributes for hangwa. It also bas a positive effect on customer satisfaction.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.137-148
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the recognition and preference of Korean traditional cookies and Japanese "Wagashi" by consuming patterns and demographic characteristics in order to suggest strategies for promotion of Hangwa, Korean traditional cookies. Consumer questionnaire survey was done to quantify 241 answers for Korean traditional cookies and 249 for Wagashi, and they were used for final analysis, frequency, t-test, One-way ANOVA, and regression analyses with SPSS 12.0. As a result, it was found that there were the differences of recognition by demographic factors and consuming patterns on the preference and recognitions. Especially in the demographic characteristics, there were differences in recognition by age and education levels for hangwa and by age for wagashi. According to the regression analysis, recognition affected preference for hankwa and wagashi.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.113-125
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyze the status of intellectual property rights and developmental direction for brands of special rural products in Korea. The data was derived from 166 special rural products in Korea. The major results of this study were as follows: Enterprises having intellectual property rights above one were Traditional soybean sauce 18(56.2%), Hangwa 15(42.9%), Kimchi 18(43.9%), Traditional tea 20(80%) and Crafted products 10(31.3%), respectively. Enterprises acquiring designation and certification due to national and local autonomous entities over one were Traditional soybean sauce 17(56.7%), Hangwa 23(63.9%), Kimchi 33(80.4%), Traditional tea. 13(52%), and Crafted products 20 (62.5%), respectively. The trademark registration of special rural products was invested with total 62 cases(37.3%) as Traditional soybean sauce 14(43.7%), Hangwa 15(41.7%), Kimchi 17(41.5%), Traditional tea. 12(48%) and Crafted products 4(12.5%). And Patent registration 39 cases(23.5%), design registration 32 cases(14.5%), and utility model registration 5 cases (3.01%) were invested respectively. It was shown that, where the origin of brand names was a proper non 107 were things(53%), 39 were materials(19.3%), 17 were the production method(8.41 %) and 55 were a composite trademark(33.1%).

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.243-255
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• 2008

This study was performed to offer basic data base on traditional Korean festival foods for a traditional Korean food data integration system, that is based on literature reviews. The Korean lunar calendar has seasonal divisions reflecting traditional Korean holidays. In the past, there were many customs corresponding to emotions, and foods were in accordance with customs, festivals, and seasons. Today, we are well aware of the traditional Korean foods of New Year's Day(Seollal), the Korean Harvest Festival(Chuseok), the First Full Moon Day(Jeongwol Daeboreum), the Winter Solstice(Dongji), and the hottest summer day(Sambok). However, many other traditional Korean holidays are disappearing from the modem Korean life-style. This study made the following classifications for traditional Korean festivals. Seollal(Seol), Ipchun, and Jeongwol Daeboreum in January; Junghwajeol in February; Samjinnal in March; Hansik and Chopail in April; Dano in May; Yudu and Sambok in June; Chilseok and Baekjung in July; Chuseok in August; Jungyangjeol in September; Siwolmuoil in October; Dongji in November; and Napil and Seotdal Geumeum in December. The familiar traditional Korean festival foods are as follows: Seollal's festival foods consist of 5 main dishes, 35 side dishes, 12 kinds of tteok lyou, 21 kinds of hangwa lyou, 2 kinds of emchong lyou, and 3 kinds classified as others; this includes tteokguk, manduguk, galbijjim, sinseollo, jeon, pyunyuk, kimch, tteok, sikhe, sujunggwa, fruits, and seju on Seollal. The festival foods for Jeongwol Daeboreum consist of 3 main dishes, 27 side dishes, 5 kinds of tteok lyou, 3 kinds of hangwa lyou, 4 kinds of emchung lyou, and 3 kinds classified as others; this includes ogokbap, mugeunnamul, yaksik, yumilkwa, wonsobyung, guibalgisul, and burum on Jeongwol Daeboreum. The festival foods for Sambok consist of 6 main dishes, 18 side dishes, 4 kinds of tteok lyou, 3 kinds of eumchung lyou, and 2 kinds classified as others; this includes yukgaejang, imjasutang, youngyejjim, tteoksudan, santtalgihwaschae, and subak on Sambok. Chuseok's festival foods consist of 4 main dishes, 22 side dishes, 18 kinds of tteok lyou, 6 kinds of hangwa lyou, 4 kinds of eumchung lyou, and 3 kinds classified as others; this includes oryeosongpyeon, toranatang, garijjim, dakjjim, namuls, tteok lyou, baehwachae, and fruits on Chuseok. The festival foods for Dongji consist of 6 main dishes, 6 side dishes, 7 kinds of tteok lyou, 1 kind of hangwa lyou, 2 kinds of eumchung lyou, and 1 kind classified as others; this includes patjug, jeonyak, and dongchimi on Dongji. Based on these data, it is recommended that knowledge of traditional Korean festival foods be handed down, preserving and develop their excellence and to further scientific studys.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.6 s.90
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• pp.800-812
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• 2005

This study selected and classified the representative foods for diversifying Korean traditional foods in the globa1 market and derived the superior factor of each food by consumer survey (n=744). The superiority of Korean traditional foods was generally recognized as being in the order of 'Nutritional value' > 'Dietary culture' > 'Material' > 'Taste.' Kimchi, Tteok/Hangwa, and grilled foods were regarded as potent Korean traditional foods for global consumers. The survey about the superior factors of representative Korean traditional foods produced the following results. The superior factor of Bibimbap, Mandu, Jangachi, Joeotgal, Namul muchim Salad, Naengchae, and Ganjang was 'Variety of material or cuisine', that of Bap, Jut Samguetang, Seolleongtang, Kimchi, Doenjang, and Sikcho was 'Nutritional value', that of Naengmyeon, Kalguksu, Bulgogi, Pyeonyuk, Jeongol, Gochujang, Tteot and Sjkhae/Sujeonggwa was Taste', and that of Hangwa, Hwachae, Gujulpan, and Sinsunro was 'Appearance'. The superior factors of representative Korean traditional foods showed the following differences by age and gender, The superior factor in Mandu was 'Taste' by the subjects aged below 30 but 'Variety' by the subjects aged above 30; that in Pyeonyuk and Jeongol was 'Variety' in 31-40 year olds and those aged above 51, while it was 'Taste' in others. The superior factor of Kimchi was 'Nutritional value' by the subjects aged below 40,'Taste'in 41-50 year. olds, and 'Variety' by the subjects aged above 50, that of Namul muchim was 'Nutritional value' by the subjects aged below 20 and 'Variety'by the subjects aged above 20, and that of Naengchae was' Taste'by the subjects aged below 20 and 'Variety' by the subjects aged above 20. The superior factor of Gochujang was 'Taste' by the subjects aged below 50 and 'Variety 'by the subjects aged above 50, that of Ganjang was 'Variety' by the subjects aged below 30 and 'Taste' by the subjects aged above 30, that of Sikcho was 'Variety' by the subjects aged below 30 and 'Nutritional value' by the sutjects aged above 30. The superior factor of Doenjang was 'Nuttritional value' in all ages. The superior factors of Hangwa and Sikhae/Sujeonggwa were 'Appearance' and 'Taste' in all ages, and that of Hwachae was 'Taste' by the subjects aged below 30 and' Appearance' by the subjects aged above 30. The perception by gender was statistically differed for traditional foods such as Bap, Bibimbap, Kalguksu, Bulgogi, Pyeonyuk Jangachi, Gochujang, Ganjang, Sikhae/Sujeonggwa, Hwachae, and Gujulpan.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2009

In this study, a total of 70 seaweed names among various kinds of seaweeds, including dried and powdered foods, were investigated by examining Korean foods literature published during 1450${\sim}$1950. There were 14 kinds of sea mustard, 13 kinds of laver, 3 kinds of kerp, 6 kinds of sea staghorn, 15 kinds of green laver, 1 kind of Ecklonia cava, 11 kinds of agar and 7 seaweeds classified as other. It was also found that seaweed was used as a main ingredient, secondary ingredient, or a garnish in a total of 74 traditional Korean foods. The seaweed foods appearing in the literature were classified by a traditional Korean food classification system according to cooking method. These traditional seaweed foods were placed into 6 categories including main dishes, side dishes, tteok lyou and hangwa lyou. Finally, a database was established in order to provide a research basis for traditional Korean seaweed foods.