• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.139-148
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• 2024

This study takes a comprehensive look at how technological advances have changed the way 2D animation is created. Humans are constantly looking for new ways and technologies to express movement, which has led to many changes in the way 2D animation is produced. In this study, we will examine the impact of these changes on 2D animation production and explore the possibilities for future developments. In the early days of 2D animation, the production method was repeatedly changed by the invention of technologies such as celluloid sheets, rotoscopes, and multiplane cameras, while the advent of digital technology has led to revolutionary changes such as the development of CAPS(computer animation production systems), various digital tools, and the combination of 2D and 3D. In addition, the recent introduction of generative AI is rapidly changing the way 2D animation is produced by automatically handling various tasks. These advances have not only streamlined the production of animation, but have also reduced costs by shortening the production period, and greatly improved the quality of animation by making it easier to implement complex and sophisticated visual effects. The introduction of generative AI has pushed the boundaries of what can be represented in 2D animation. On the other hand, the introduction of digital technology has its drawbacks, as the mechanical and uniform style produced by digital tools can reduce originality and individuality, but advances in technology will open up the possibilities for 2D animation to be produced in a variety of ways, as it fosters the creation of new expressions and creative content.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.243-255
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• 2024

Purpose: Although foot muscle imbalance has been confirmed in patients with hallux valgus deformity, there is insufficient information on how corrective taping affects muscle activity and contraction rate of the foot muscles. The purpose of this study was to confirm the effectiveness of Mulligan taping as a treatment method for hallux valgus deformity by examining changes in muscle activity and contraction rate when Mulligan taping with inelastic tape was applied to these patients. Methods: Thirty-two patients with hallux valgus deformity were randomly divided into two groups, experimental and control. In the experimental group, Mulligan taping with inelastic tape was applied to correct the hallux valgus angle of the big toe, and in the control group, placebo taping was performed in which inelastic tape was applied in a straight line without modifying the angle of the big toe. Muscle activity and muscle contraction rate were measured before and after the intervention, and changes were compared and analyzed. Results: In the experimental group where Mulligan taping was applied, the muscle activity and muscle contraction rate of the abductor hallucis muscle significantly increased after the intervention (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the muscle activity and muscle contraction rate of the adductor hallucis muscle and tibialis posterior muscle significantly decreased (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in muscle activity and muscle contraction rate in the control group, where placebo taping was applied (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Mulligan taping significantly changed muscle activity and contraction rates compared to placebo taping. By correcting the position of the big toe, the activity and contraction rate of the abductor hallucis muscle increased, while the activity and contraction rate of the adductor hallucis muscle and tibialis posterior muscle decreased. Therefore, Mulligan taping is considered an intervention that can prevent symptom worsening and enhance foot function by improving muscle imbalance in patients with hallux valgus deformity.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2009

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the quantitative evaluation of the corticospinal tract (CST) at the multiple levels by using functional MRI (fMRI) co-registered to diffusion tensor tractography (DTT). Materials and Methods : Ten normal subjects without any history of neurological disorder participated in this study. fMRI was performed at 1.5 T MR scanner using hand grasp-release movement paradigm. DTT was performed by using DtiStudio on the basis of fiber assignment continuous tracking algorithm (FACT). The seed region of interest (ROI) was drawn in the area of maximum fMRI activation during the motor task of hand grasp-release movement on a 2-D fractional anisotropy (FA) color map, and the target ROI was drawn in the cortiocospinal portion of anterior lower pons. We have drawn five ROIs for the measurement of FA and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) along the corona radiata (CR) down to the medulla. Results : The contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1) was mainly found to be activated in all subjects. DTT showed that tracts originated from SM1 and ran to the medulla along the known pathway of the CST. In all subjects, FA values of the CST were higher at the level of the midbrain and posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC) than the level of others. Conclusion : Our study showed that co-registered fMRI and DTT has elucidated the state of CST on 3-D and analyzed the quantitative values of FA and ADC at the multiple levels. We conclude that co-registered fMRI and DTT may be applied as a useful tool for clarifying and investigating the state of CST in the patients with brain injury.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.319-331
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• 2020

This study investigated the meaning of absolute music of the first movement of Brahms' symphony No. 1, which was used as film music in the films "Tetro" and "Savages" and interpreted the meaning of this music used in these two films. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the characteristics that classical music can be interpreted ambiguously in films. In particular, it was examined whether film music could be interpreted in a new meaning rather than a program music. The first movement of Brahms' symphony No. 1 is in a sonata form and has the characteristics of a chromatic grammar of the romanticism. In "Tetro", the irony about the value connection between this music and the characters of the film, the composition process of this music and the historicity that appeared in the character story of the film presented important. On the other hand, in "Savages", the chromatic grammar of this music expresses the emotional meaning of the characters in the film and the atmosphere of the event. This can be said to be the role of program music. In particular, the scene in which this music is used at the end of "Tetro" shows an ambiguous characteristic that can interpret a piece of music in different meanings depending on which of the two characters appearing in the film interprets the music from the perspective of the character. And the fact that Brahms spent 21 years to complete this music and that Tetro, the main character of the film, spent about 10 years before going through theatrical scenario and submitting it to the festival in the film, coincide with each other in terms of historicality. This gives the meaning of understanding film music from a new point of view, not from the point of view of absolute music or program music. In addition, this musical setting made the music recognized as an essential element of the film and as an irreplaceable auditory theme. When classical music meets other art such as film, this ambiguity Characteristics of music will have a great influence on the new perception of classical music.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.75-88
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• 2009

This paper presents a video quality assessment method based on quality degradation factors of real-time multimedia streaming services. The video quality degradation is caused by video source compression and network states. In this paper, we propose a blocky metric on an image domain to measure quality degradation by video compression. In this paper, the proposed boundary strength index for the blocky metric is defined by ratio of the variation of two pixel values adjacent to $8{\times}8$ block boundary and the average variation at several pixels adjacent to the two boundary pixels. On the other hand, unnatural image movement caused by network performance deterioration such as jitter and delay factors can be observed. In this paper, a temporal-Jerkiness measurement method is proposed by computing statistics of luminance differences between consecutive frames and play-time intervals between frames. The proposed final Perceptual Video Quality Metric (PVQM) is proposed by consolidating both blocking strength and temporal-jerkiness. To evaluate performance of the proposed algorithm, the accuracy of the proposed algorithm is compared with Difference of Mean Opinion Score (DMOS) based on human visual system.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.619-628
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• 2010

Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) has recently received attention in developing implantable surgical equipments and it is expected to lead the future medical device market by adequately imitating surgeons' flexible and delicate hand movement. However, SMA actuators have not been used widely because of their nonlinear behavior called hysteresis, which makes their control difficult. Hence, we propose a parameter, $t_1$, which is necessary for temperature control, by analyzing the open-loop step response between current and temperature and by comparing it with the values of linear differential equations. $t_1$ is a pole of the transfer function in the invariant linear model in which the input and output are current and temperature, respectively; hence, $t_1$ is found to be related to the state variable used for temperature control. When considering the parameter under heat treatment conditions, $T_{max}$ was found to assume the lowest value, and $t_1$ was irrelevant to the heat treatment.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.102-107
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• 2009

Background : Constipation is one of the most common disorders in Korea and Western countries. It may be related with life style, diet, physical activity, age, stress and gender, and particularly premenopausal women experience constipation more often than men due to the significant prolongation of the mean colonic transit in women. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a probiotic on constipation in loperamide-induced constipated rats. Materials and Methods : The rats were divided into 3 groups. Constipation was induced by administration of loperamide for 5 days, and the excreted amount as well as the number of feces was observed. Lactic acid bacteria as a probiotic were administered orally every day for 5 days. Results : The results showed that loperamide administration induced severe experimental constipation in rats. The amount of feces was decreased and the number of pellets was increased by loperamide. The water content in the feces as a parameter of constipation was also decreased by loperamide. On the other hand, the dry weights of feces were not significantly different among the groups. It represents that the amount of food consumption might have been similar among the groups, and constipation was caused by delayed intestinal movement. Conclusion : Probiotic administration for 5 days in rats partly alleviated or prevented the constipation induced by loperamide.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.171-192
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• 2018

With the spread of the maker movement and matching of the standards for the 21st century learners and the maker competencies, there is a social and temporal need for makerspaces building and maker education in school libraries, Prior to the establishment of the school library makerspaces, we intended to investigate the awareness of the school librarian on the creation and operation of the school library makerspaces. For this purpose, a questionnaire was constructed based on the theoretical review and the response data of 171 school librarians were collected through a web survey. Technical statistics, cross-analysis, and ANOVA were conducted using SPSS window 19.0 and content analysis was conducted on open-ended questions. The Questionnaires consisted of questions about whether the school library makerspace was installed or not and necessity, reason, and difficulty in creating and operating the makerspace. As a result of the study, it was found that the establishment of the school library makerspace was very low at 2.3%, and the recognition of the makerspace of the school librarian was below the normal level. On the other hand, the perception of necessity appeared to be more than normal, and the school library was generally considered to be a suitable place for the makerspace installation. However, negative opinions about the school library makerspaces were also raised in various aspects.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.71-78
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of wearing clothes, Level B, and Level C PPE on normal CPR using mannequins. The paramedics who participated in this experiment were 20 paramedics with more than 5 years of experience in firefighting area C. It was found that chest compressions in the process that hand off time was 11.9 seconds in the uniform wearing group, 11.4 seconds in the level C PPE wearing group, and 13.1 seconds in the SCBA wearing group. In other words, wearing personal protective equipment prevents the movement of paramedics and uses compensatory movements, which may increase the difficulty of efficient first aid. If this situation persists, it may cause fatigue and damage to the body of paramedics. Rescue and paramedics should wear level personal protective equipment in case of emergencies and conduct rescue and CPR training.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate kinematic coordination and control of lower segments in skill process. For the investigation, we examined the difference of resultant linear velocity of segments and angle vs angle graph. Novice subjects were 9 male middle school students who has never been experienced a taekwondo and expert subjects were 7 university taekwondo players. We analyzed kinematic variables of Dollyochagi motion through videographical analysis and the conclusion were as follows. 1. Examining the graph of novice subjects' maximal resultant linear velocity of the thigh, shank, and foot segment, as it gets closer to the end of the training, the maximal resultant linear velocity in each segment increased. Statistical analysis showed the following results; thigh segment caused the increase of speed, using the trunk segment's momentum in the latter term of learning, while the shank segment utilized the momentum of the adjacent proximal segment at the beginning of learning, and the foot segment in the middle of learning. 2. Until the point where the knee joint angle is minimum, as the novice group learn the skill, the flexion of knee and hip joints has changed into the form of coordination pattern in phase. On the other hand, the expert group showed continual coordination pattern in phase that the movement sequences were smooth. From the knee joint maximal flexion to impact timing, all novice and expert groups showed coordination pattern out of phase. 3. From the knee joint maximal flexion to impact timing, the ankle joint was fixed and the knee joint was extended to all the novice stages and expert subjects.