• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.370-377
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• 2015

There is a growing interest in halitosis and diverse Korean medical studies are being conducted about it. But there are few study about teatment effect of halitosis after Korean medical care, treatment duration, and factor affecting recovery rate. Thus, the purpose of this study is to research clinical characteristic of halitosis patients, factor affecting halitosis, recovery rate of halitosis, treatment duration, factor affecting recovery rate by analyzing halitosis patients retrospectively. People who were over 19 and visited Korean medical clinic in Seoul to want to be treated halitosis in 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. We analyzed general and living characteristics of halitosis patients, halitosis-related symptoms and diseases, level of halitosis and halitosis-related symptoms both before and after treatment, treatment duration of halitosis patients, prescription of halitosis patients, recovery rate of level of halitosis and halitosis-related symptoms by general characteristic and duration of symptoms. Female, thirties, and Nonsmoker had the highest proportion in general characteristic. The average duration of halitosis is 41.6months and treatment duration is 2.55months. The average of sensory evaluation score is 3.40±2.53, subjective evaluation score is 5.02±1.53, lump sensation on throat is 3.52±2.50, postnasal drip is 1.11±1.88, dry mouth is 4.13±2.17, quality of life is 6.07±1.13. Gamichiuitang is used the most among prescriptions. Sensory evaluation, subjective evaluation, lump sensation on throat, postnasal drip, dry mouth, and quality of life had better score compared with pre-treatment. Duration of symptoms is in weak inverse proportion to sensory evaluation, subjective evaluation, dry mouth, quality of life. This study is meaningful in the way to find recovery rate of halitosis after korean medical care, treatment duration, and factor affecting recovery rate not progressed until now. But this study also has limits such as not analyzing objective data using halitosis measuring instrument and lack of methodical scale about quality of life. Therefore, succeeding study such as clinical trials is needed to verify reliability of Korean medical treatment.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.55 no.9
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• pp.640-656
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• 2017

Xerostomia is usually caused by a reduced salivary flow or by changes in the biochemical composition of saliva. Halitosis or oral malodor is an offensive odor usually originating from the oral cavity. Halitosis can lead to anxiety and psychosocial embarrassment. The occurrence of halitosis closely related with intraoral conditions including the presence of xerostomia. Especially, the relationship between xerostomia and halitosis is prominent in elderly patients receiving polypharmacy with at least two systemic diseases. This study is a review of the update literature of xerostomia and halitosis. A large number of papers have been searched and identified using the words , , , , , , and . Papers not relevant to the issue were removed reducing the entries to 79 only. Most of identified papers were systematic reviews, non-systematic reviews, and observational studies. With a proper diagnosis, identification of the etiology and timely referrals certain steps are taken to create a successful individualized therapeutic approach. It is significant to highlight the necessity of an interdisciplinary method for the treatment of xerostomia and halitosis to prevent misdiagnosis or unnecessary treatment. This article concisely focuses on the development of a systemic flow of events to come to the proper treatment of the xerostomia and halitosis.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.389-397
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to examine the behaviors by the degree od dry mouth related to stress, dry mouth and halitosis. Methods: The subjects were 400 adults. A self-reported questionnaire was completed from August 1 to November 30, 2014. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 program. The questionnaire consisted of eight questions of general characteristics of the subjects, one question of subjective stress symptom, six questions of dry mouth symptom, four questions of dry mouth behavior, and one question of halitosis. Results: There was a significant difference between halitosis and stress in patients having systemic diseases. Stress had a significant difference with gender, income, drinking frequency and alcohol consumption. The degree of dry mouth had a significant difference with gender and age. In dry mouth severity, behavior showed a significant difference with age, education, and times and amount of alcohol consumption. Age had a positive correlation with cigarette consumption and a negative correlation with dry mouth and dry mouth behavior. Cigarette consumption showed a positive correlation with alcohol consumption. Drinking frequency had a positive correlation with alcohol consumption, dry mouth, dry mouth behavior, halitosis and stress. Alcohol consumption had a positive correlation with dry mouth behavior, and dry mouth showed a positive correlation with dry mouth behavior, halitosis and stress. Dry mouth behavior had a positive correlation with halitosis and stress, while halitosis showed a positive correlation with stress. Conclusions: Stress, dry mouth and halitosis were closely correlated. Since stress is the most important variable, stress relief will be the most effective measure to alleviate oral symptoms. Therefore, stress relief measures need to be devised for oral health management in adults having stressful life.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.162-169
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• 2019

Background: Oral diseases are caused by various systemic and local factors, the most closely related being the biofilm. However, the challenges involved in removing an established biofilm necessitate professional care for its removal. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of professional self and professional biofilm care in healthy patients to prevent the development of periodontal diseases. Methods: Thirty-seven patients who visited the dental clinic between September 2018 and February 2019 were included in this study. Self-biofilm care was performed by routine tooth brushing and professional biofilm care was provided using the toothpick method (TPM) or the oral prophylaxis (OP) method using a rubber cup. Subgingival bacterial motility and halitosis (levels of hydrogen sulfide, $H_2S$; methyl mercaptan, $CH_3SH$; and di-methyl sulfide, $(CH_3)_2S$) were measured before, immediately after, and 5 hours after the preventive treatment in the three groups. Repeated measures analysis of variance test was performed to determine significant differences among the groups. Results: TPM was effective immediately after the prevention treatment, whereas OP was more effective after 5 hours (proximal surfaces, F=16.353, p<0.001; smooth surfaces, F=66.575, p<0.001). The three components responsible for halitosis were effectively reduced by professional biofilm care immediately after the preventive treatment; however, self-biofilm care was more effective after 5 hours ($H_2S$, F=3.564, p=0.011; $CH_3SH$, F=6.657, p<0.001; $(CH_3)_2S$, F=21.135, p<0.001). Conclusion: To prevent oral diseases, it is critical to monitor the biofilm. The dental hygienist should check the oral hygiene status and the ability of the patient to administer oral care. Professional biofilm care should be provided by assessing and treating each surface of the tooth. We hope to strengthen our professional in biofilm care through continuous clinical research.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.142-150
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to analyze the factors related to self-reported halitosis. This study performed a questionnaire survey, targeting at 450 adults who lived in Seoul and Gyeonggi area. Main results of this study were as followings. Relationships between socio-demographic characteristics and halitosis showed no significant difference. Relationships between subjective oral health and halitosis, the groups that were treated dental prosthesis, aware of periodontal disease and dry mouth symptoms reported more halitosis (p<0.05). The group that brushed teeth less than twice a day, did not brush teeth after having a snack, and had frequent sweet treat reported more halitosis (p<0.05). The group that more experienced limitation, discomfort, discomfort reported more halitosis (p<0.05). Based on the results derived as above, the self-reported halitosis was shown to be related to periodontal disease, dry mouth, oral hygiene care and quality of life. Therefore, it is considered that preventing periodontal disease and oral dryness as well as reinforcing the oral hygiene care will contribute to prevention of halitosis and enhancement of quality of life.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.277-284
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the influencing factors of oral health-related quality of life in social workers. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 240 social workers in Gwangju by convenience sampling method. The questionnaire consisted of general characteristics of the subjects(age, monthly salary, smoking, alcohol consumption) and systemic health condition(systemic diseases, medication, oral health status, and stress). The factors associated with oral health-related quality of life included skin dryness, eye dryness, lip dryness, and nasal dryness. The subjective dry mouth consisted of 6 questions measured by visual analogue scale(VAS). Cronbach's alpha was 0.868 in the study. The data were analyzed for t-test, one-way ANOVA and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 18.0 program. Results: The oral health-related quality of life in social workers varied by age, oral health status, stress status, and halitosis. The oral health-related quality of life had positive correlations with the subjective perception of dry mouth and whole body dry symptoms. The health status(${\beta}=-0.410$) had the influence on the oral health-related quality of life, nasal dryness(${\beta}=0.230$), age(${\beta}=0.189$), and halitosis (${\beta}=0.162) in order. Conclusions: The oral health-related quality of life was closely related to the health status and nasal dryness. It is necessary to develop the quality of life improvement programs including oral health prevention and care program in the social workers.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in oral health-related quality of life among elderly people aged over 65 years, in terms of physical, mental and oral health status and to analyze factors affecting their oral health-related quality of life. Methods: From May 9 to June 23, 2017, we randomly visited aged-care community centers in the metropolitan area, and recruited 222 elderly, aged 65 or older. First, each participant completed a questionnaire consisting of 4 general items: 1 systematic disease, and 3 subjective oral conditions. Afterwards, the researchers interviewed the participants to assess their mental status, using MMSE-DS and recorded the responses. Finally, an oral examination was performed to determine the number of remaining teeth. The average oral health-related quality of life according to each characteristic was analyzed by t-test and ANOVA. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis were used to analyze the correlations between factors and the factors affecting oral health-related quality of life. Results: The mean oral health-related quality of life was 4.15. Participants with 20 or more remaining teeth demonstrated better oral health-related quality of life than those with 19 or less teeth. Higher oral health-related quality of life was also found among elderly without gingival bleeding, self-reported halitosis and dry mouth. In addition, positive correlation with the number of remaining teeth and negative correlation with gingival bleeding, self-reported halitosis and dry mouth, were noted. Finally, the results of the hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that remaining teeth, gingival bleeding, self-reported halitosis and education were influential factors in determining the oral health-related quality of life among the elderly. Conclusions: The results of this study confirmed the necessity of better policy support, and the importance of implementing delivered, elderly-centered oral health education program by professionals to prevent tooth loss and manage periodontal diseases.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.386-392
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors related to xerostomia in patients with systemic diseases, and the results were analyzed through t-test, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression analysis. There were 62 respondents (56.9%) who reported dry mouth and the season of the most severe dry mouth was reported to be the highest during winter. According to the analysis made in the relationship of xerostomia with the awareness of general health and health behavior, the group that understood their own health poorly, had more than two kinds of diseases, and had been administered more than two kinds of daily medication showed higher xerostomia. Also, those who experienced desperation, had high dryness in other parts of the body, and heavy snoring were more aware of xerostomia (p<0.05). According to the analysis made in the relationship between xerostomia and awareness of oral health state, the group that understood their oral health poorly and had pain in the oral mucous membrane and halitosis was more aware of xerostomia (p<0.05). According to the analysis made in the relationship between quality of life and xerostomia, the group that showed high level of problem in daily living and stress and were self-conscious and felt tense due to halitosis reported more xerostomia (p<0.05). Finally, xerostomia was most correlated with consciousness of the eyes of others due to halitosis followed by the number of transferred systemic diseases and stress level. Based on such results, xerostomia was understood to be an obstacle in maintaining favorable social life and health. Since xerostomia was shown to be related to the number of transferred systemic diseases, the dental professions are asked to further improve their understanding not only on oral health but also systemic diseases. Therefore, these efforts are expected to prevent xerostomia and reduce various complications caused by xerostomia.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.317-322
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• 2008

The moderners of industrial society suffer from various stresses, which bring about increase in prevalence of temporomandibular disorders, oral mucosal disease and chronic neuropathic pain, therefore, the number of patients seeking help of those symptoms tend to increase. The purpose of this study was to discuss the importance of oral medicine related disease by investigating questions that appeared in cyber consultation of Kangnung National University Dental Hospital web site. Among the nearly 2000 questions, the rate of questions related to oral medicine was 20.92%, and the rate of questions related to other departments were oral and maxillofacial surgery 16.87%, conservative dentistry 16.67%, orthodontics 14.02%, prosthodontics 12.25%, periodontics 8.36%, pediatric dentistry 4.93%, preventive dentistry 2.08% and otherwise questions 3.90%. Among the 403 questions related to oral medicine, the frequent questions were oral mucosal diseases 44.17%, temporomandibular disorders 41.19%, halitosis 4.47%, xerostomia 3.23%, other orofacial pain 2.23%, forensic dentistry 1.49% and otherwise questions 2.98%. From the higher rate of questions related to oral medicine compared with other fields of dentistry, we would consider that the people are considerably concerned about the oral medicine related disease, such as oral mucosal diseases and temporomandibular disorders.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1000-1009
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• 2014

This study selected 582 senior citizens who used 6 senior welfare centers in 7 districts, Daegu and analyzed questionnaires for them from January 9 through June 5, 2013 in order to look into their subjective oral health, social efficacy and quality of life according to their subjective cognition of oral health and their quality of life related to oral health according to sociodemographic characteristics and drew the following conclusions: Sex was statistically significant in toothache and xerostomia; age, in oral health, dysmasesis, toothache, periodontal complications and xerostomia; the level of education, in oral health, dysmasesis, toothache and periodontal complications; and the number of family members living together, in dysmasesis, toothache, periodontal complications, xerostomia and halitosis. Their responses to the question about their social efficacy according to oral health included: 'My oral health is not good' 3.11 points; and 'My jaw crackles or hurts' 1.99 points. In social efficacy according to their cognition of oral health, their health was 2.05 points while in the quality of life, their health was 3.41 points. In the scores of the quality of life related to oral health, for their health, functional limitation was 2.13 points; physical pain, 2.53; psychological discomfort, 2.17; physical limitation, 2.31; degradation of psychological ability, 2.06; degradation of social ability, 1.81; and social disadvantage, 1.99. In sum, it is judged that senior citizens' quality of life as well as their oral health will be enhanced when active seeking for plans to prevent the progress of oral diseases is sufficiently considered through continuously providing oral health education for the promotion of geriatric oral health and developing preventive programs.