• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.125-134
• /
• 2020

To study the fairy ring and genet characteristics of Suillus bovinus based on thinning intensity in Pinus densiflora forests, a simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis was performed on the fruiting bodies of the plant. In pine wood production forests, the thinning strengths applied were 34%, 45%, and 60%. As a result, the number of fruiting bodies in the 34% treatment area was 104, which was higher than that in the other treatment areas. In the 34% treatment area, fruiting bodies occurred in a circular shape, within a diameter of approximately 5 meters (m) of the trees. In the 45% treatment area, the fruiting bodies were randomly distributed between 6 to 7 m from the trees, while in the 60% treatment, fruiting bodies occurred in a narrow oval shape, 6 m from the trees. In the control area, two fruiting bodies were present around the root collar. Hybridity was confirmed in the SSR markers of Sb-CA1 and Sb-CA3. The fruiting bodies in the 34% treatment area had a He / Ho value lower than that in the 60% treatment area. In fruiting bodies of the 34% treatment area, a total of 20 genets were identified, with an average size of 14±11 ㎡; 60% of genets were formed by a single fruiting body. In fruiting bodies of the 45% treatment area, a total of 6 genets were identified and the average size was 11±12 ㎡; 50% of genets were formed by a single fruiting body. In fruiting bodies of the 60% treatment area, a total of 10 genets were identified, with an average size of 1.1±0.8 ㎡; 70% of genets were formed by a single fruiting body. Thus, the formation ratio of a new genet increases when the thinning intensity is increased.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.128-140
• /
• 1982

The distribution and practical classification of sandy paddy soils, which have the most extensive acreage among low productive paddy soils in Korea and have distinctive improvement effects, were studied to propose a tentative new classification system of sandy textured paddy soils as a means of improving the "Paddy Soil Type Classification" scheme used. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The potential productivity of sandy textured paddy soils was about 86% of normal paddy and the coefficient of variation was relatively high indicating that the properties of soils included were not sufficiently homogeneous. 2. As the poorly drained and halomorphic (> 16 mmhos/cm of E.C. at $25^{\circ}C$) sandy soils are not included in the "Sandy Soil" type according to the criteria of "Soil Type Classification", the recommendation of "adding clay earth" become complicated, and the soil type have to change when the salts washed away or due to ground water table fluctuations. 3. Coarse textured soils were entirely included in the "Sandy Soils" in the tentative criteria of sandy soil classification proposed, and the sandy soils were subdivided into 4 subtypes that is "Oxidized leaching sandy paddy", Red-ox. intergrading sandy paddy", "Reduced accumulating sandy paddy" and "Reduced halomorphic sandy paddy". The system of sandy soil classification proposed were consisted of following categories; Type (Sandy paddy)-Sub-type (4)-Texture family (5)-Soil series (48). 4. The variation of productivities according to the proposed scheme was more homogenized than that of the present device. 5. The total extent of sandy paddy soils was 409, 902 ha (32.3% of total paddy) according to the present classification system, but the extent reached 492,983 ha (38.9%) by the proposed system. The provinces of Gyeong-gi (88.923ha), Jeon-bug (69.717 ha), Gyeong-bug (55.390 ha) have extensive acreage of sandy paddy soils, and the provinces that had high ratio of sandy paddy soils were Gang-weon (58.9%), Gyeong-gi (50.5%), Chung-bug (48.5%), Jeon-bug (41.0%) etc. The ratio was increased by the proposed scheme, e.g. 71.4% in the case of Gang-weon prov. 6. According to the suitability group of paddy soils, the sandy soils mostly belong to 3 class (69.1%) and 4 class (29.2%). Coarse loamy textural family (59.2%) and coarse silty (16.1 %) soils were dominantly distributed. 7. The "Red-ox. intergrading subtype" of sandy paddy pertinent to 49.6% (245,012 ha) while the "Oxidized leaching sub-type" reaches to 33.5% (64,890 ha) and the remained 16.9% (83,081ha) belong to "Reduced accumulating sub-type (14.0%) and "Reduced halomorphic sub-type (2.9%)" according to the proposed scheme.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.44 no.4
• /
• pp.172-205
• /
• 2011

Go bears significant meanings in terms of cultural and entertaining functions in Asia Eastern such as China and Japan. Beyond the mere entertaining level, it produces philosophical and mythic discourse as well. As a part of effort to seek an identity of Korean traditional garden culture, this study traced back to find meanings of rock-go-board and taste for the arts which ancestors pursued in playing Go game, through analysis and interpretation of correlation among origin of place name, nearby scenery, carved letters and vicinal handed-down place name. At the same time, their position, shape and location types were interpreted through comprehensive research and analysis of stone-go-boards including rock-go-board. Particularly, it focused on the rock names related to Sundoism(仙道) Ideal world, fixed due to a connection between traces of Sundoism and places in a folk etymology. Series of this work is to highlight features of the immortal sceneries, one of traditional landscaping ideals, by understanding place identity and scenic features of where the rock-go-boards are carved. These works are expected to become foundation for promotion and preservation of the traditional landscaping remains. The contents of this study could be summarized as follows; First, round stone and square board for round sky and angled land, black and white color for harmony of yin and yang and 361paths for rotating sky are symbols projecting order of universe. Sayings of Gyuljungjirak(橘中之樂), Sangsansaho(商山四皓), Nangagosa(爛柯故事) formed based on the idea of eternity stand for union of sky and sun. It indicates Go game which matches life and nature spatiotemporally and elegant taste for arts pursuing beauty and leisure. Second, the stone-go-boards found through this research, are 18 in total. 3 of those(16.1%), Gangjin Weolnamsaji, Yangsan Sohanjeong and Banryongdae ones were classified into movable Seokguk and 15(83.9%) including Banghakdong were turned out to be non-movable rock-go-boards carved on natural rocks. Third, upon the result of materializing location types of rock-go-boards, 15 are mountain stream type(83.9%) and 3 are rock peak type(16.1%). Among those, the one at Sobaeksam Sinseonbong is located at the highest place(1,389m). Considering the fact that all of 15 rock-go-boards were found at mountainous areas lower than 500m, it is recognizable that where the Go-boards are the parts of the living space, not far from secular world. Fourth, there are 7 Sunjang(巡將) Go with 17 Hwajeoms(花點), which is a traditional Go board type, but their existences, numbers and shapes of Hwajeom appear variously. Based on the fact, it is recognizable that culture of making go-board had been handed down for an extended period of time. Among the studied rock-goboards, the biggest one was Muju Sasunam[$80(82)cm{\times}80(82)cm$] while the smallest one was Yangsan Sohandjeong Seokguk ($40cm{\times}40cm$). The dimension of length and breadth are both $49cm{\times}48cm$ on average, which is realistic size for actual Go play. Fifth, the biggest bed rock, an under-masonry with carved Go-board on it, was one in Muju Sasunam[$8.7m{\times}7.5m(65.25m^2)$], followed by ones in Hoengseong Chuiseok[$7.8m{\times}6.3m(49.14m^2$] and Goisan Sungukam[$6.7m{\times}5.7m(37.14m^2)$]. Meanwhile, the smallest rock-go-board was turned out to be one in Seoul Banghak-dong. There was no consistency in directions of the Go-boards, which gives a hint that geographical features and sceneries of locations were considered first and then these were carved toward an optimal direction corresponding to the conditions. Sixth, rock-go-boards were all located in valleys and peaks of mountains with breathtaking scenery. It seems closely related to ancestors' taste for arts. Particularly, rock-go-boards are apprehended as facilities related to taste for arts for having leisure in many mountains and big streams under the idea of union of sky and human as a primitive communal line. Go became a medium of hermits, which is a traditional image of Go-game, and symbol of amusement and entertainment with the idea that Go is an essence of scholar culture enabling to reach the Tao of turning back to nature. Seventh, the further ancient time going back to, the more dreamlike the Go-boards are. It is an evident for that Sundoism, which used to be unacceptable once, became more visible and realistic. Considering the high relation between rock-go-boards and Sundoism relevant names such as Sundoism peak in Danyang Sobaeksan, 4 hermits rock in Muju and Sundoism hermit rock in Jangsu, Sundoism hermit rocks and rock-go-boards are sceneries and observation spots to express a communication of worship and longing for Sundoism. Eighth, 3 elements-physical environment such as location type of the rock-go-boards, human activities concentrated on 8 sceneries and Dongcheongugok(洞天九曲) setup and relevancy to Confucian scholars, as well as 'Sangsansaho' motif and 'Nangagosa' symbolic meaning were used as interpretation tools in order to judge the place identity. Upon the result, spatial investigation is required with respect to Sunyoodongcheon(仙遊洞天) concept based on enjoyment to unify with the nature rather than Dongcheongugok concept of neo-Confucian, for Dongcheon and Dongmoon(洞門) motives carved around the rock-go-boards. Generally, places where mountain stream type rock-go-boards were formed were hermit spaces of Confucianism or Sundoism. They are considered to have compromised one other with the change of times. Particularly, in the rock-go-board at the mountain peak, sublimity-oriented advent of Sundoism is considered as a significant factor to control place identity. Ninth, including where the rock-go-boards were established, the vicinal areas are well-known as parts of Dongcheongugok and Palkyung(八景) mostly. In addition, many of Sundoism relevant expressions were discovered even in the neighboring carvings written by scholars and nobility, which means sophisticated taste based on longing for Sundoism world played a significant role in making go-board. The rock-go-board is an integration of cultural phenomena naturally managed by seclusion of scholars in the Joseon Dynasty as well as remains and essence of Korean traditional landscaping. Some rock-go-boards out of 17 discovered in South Korea, including ones in Sobaeksan Sinsunbong, Banghak-dong, Chungju Gongili, Muju Sasunam, Yangsan Eogokdong Banryongdae Seokguk, are damaged such as cracks in rocks or fainted lines by hardships of time and hand stains. Worse yet, in case of Eunyang Bangudae Jipcheongjeong board, it is very difficult to identify the shape due to being buried. Rock-go-boards are valuable sculptures in terms of cultural asset and artwork since they reflect ancestors' love for nature and longing for Sundoism world. Therefore, they should be maintained properly with right preservation method. Not only rock-boards itself but also peripheral places are excellent cultural heritages and crucial cultural assets. In addition, vicinal sceneries of where rock-goboards and pavilion spots are the representative remains of embracing prototype of Korean traditional landscaping and major parts of cultural properties.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.99-105
• /
• 1986

This study was carried out to compare the soil profile development indices of Sinjeong series according to the distribution areas in Yeongnam district. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The soils studied were belong to fine loamy family of hilly residual soils derived from conglomerate. These soils were well drained and dominantly had 30-60% slopes, and used for forest. 2. The surfaces were typified by brownish red (5YR) or brownish yellow (10YR) loam, subsoils were clay loam of reddish brown (5YR) or reddish yellow (7.5YR) and the substrata were in dark reddish brown (5YR) or pink (7.5YR) sandy loam. 3. The indices of horizon development of the soils studied were from 0.18 to 0.38 and the index in illuvial horizons with clay films were over 0.36, that were higher than the others. The profile development indices were similar to each other ranging from 30.18 to 35.93. 4. Positive correlations were observed among horizon development indices and normalized values of structure, texture and consistences, but the relationship between profile development indices and consistences were not the same. 5. The amount of clay minerals formed in the soil horizons per 100g of parent materials were 1.1-1.6g and the rates of the clay leached were around 4.4-5.9%. 6. The sphericity and roundness of the gravels contained in the soils studied were 0.741 and 0.715, respectively. These similarity of "well rounded" gravels certify that the parent rocks were formed under similar environments.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.90 no.4
• /
• pp.431-436
• /
• 2001

The extractable sulfate content and sulfate adsorption capacity in soils of four Pinus densiflora stands were measured to assess the soil acidification sensitivity to acid deposition. The soluble sulfate content in organic horizon which reflects the previous deposition of sulfur oxides was much higher for Namsan and Ulsan than Kanghwa and Hongcheon. In mineral soils, however, the extractable sulfate content was the greatest for Ulsan followed by Kanghwa, Namsan and Hongcheon due to the interactive effect of previous deposition and soil adsorption of sulfate. Adsorption rates of specifically adsorbed sulfate(proportion of insoluble sulfate to total extractable sulfate) for Namsan, Kanghwa and Ulsan affected by acid deposition were 16.6%, 56.8% and 37.4%, respectively, so that the soil in Namsan had the highest acidification sensitivity to acid deposition. For sulfate adsorption isotherm($RE=mX_i-b$), the significantly positive correlations between added sulfate($X_i$) and adsorbed sulfate(RE) were found only in mineral soil(p<0.05) over all regions. The regression coefficient(m) that means soil sulfate adsorption capacity by 0-30cm depth was 0.16, 0.24, 0.25 and 0.32 in $mmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ for Namsan, Kanghwa, Ulsan and Hongcheon, respectively, indicating that soil acidification sensitivity is the highest for Namsan. The added sulfate($X_i$) that could make the adsorbed sulfate(RE) null was 3.81, 2.17, 4.96 and 0.65 in $mmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ for Namsan, Kanghwa, Ulsan and Hongcheon, respectively and the values of former three regions considerably exceeded the realistic sulfate deposition.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.318-324
• /
• 2016

In order to study the effect of barley, Italian ryegrass (IRG), and legume mixture on nitrogen fixation and transfer to grasses on spring paddy field, an experiment was carried out from Oct. 2006 to June 2007 in Naju, Korea. A split plot design with three replications was used for the experiment. One reference plot was assigned for each treatment to determine nitrogen fixation. Main plots consisted of Chinese milk vetch, crimson clover, forage pea, and hairy vetch with barley, respectively. Subplot treatment were barley or IRG with four seeding ratio of legumes (50:50, 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20). To estimate N fixation by legumes, $^{15}N$ isotope dilution technique was used. $^{15}N$ fertilizer [$(^{15}NH_4)_2SO_4$ solution at 99.8 atom N] was uniformly applied to $600cm^2$ in the middle of each plot on April 15, 2007. Plots were harvest by hand on June 8, 2007. Dried sample were ground to a fine power and analyzed for total N isotope N. $^{15}N$ was determined using elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The calculation of N transfer was determined with the isotope dilution method. The content of N was higher in legumes than that in barley or Italian ryegrass. Nitrogen level in forage pea was significantly higher than that of other legumes. There were significantly differences in N content between legumes in IRG mixture. Atom % $^{15}N$ excess was significantly different in legumes with barley. The 60:40 sub plot had higher (p<0.05) atom % $^{15}N$ than other seeding ratio treatments. The enrichment ranged from 0 to 0.58. Compared to barley, the enrichment of IRG with its accompanied legumes was higher, ranging from 0.38 to 1.0. The N derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) ranged from 0% to 49.5% with barley-legume mixture. It ranged from 0 to 60.5% in IRG-legume plots. N transfer from legumes to neighboring grasses was 12.3 to 90.9 kg/ha for barley-legume mixture and 31.7 to 107.8 kg/ha for IRG plots. IRG plots showed higher N transfer for IRG-legume mixture in general based on difference method. Based on $^{15}N$ dilution method, the N transfer was 0 to 36.1 kg/ha for barley-legume mixture and 0 to 50.6 kg/ha for IRG plots. There was a tendency toward higher N transfer on the difference method than that of the $^{15}N$ dilution method.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.97-111
• /
• 1997

In the winter of 1995, mass mortality occurred in cultured flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus in Gurongpo, Kyoungbuk, Korea. From the observations of moribund and dead fish, parasitic ciliates, which were shown as white spots to the naked eye, were considered to be involved in the mass mortality. From heavily infected flounders, histopathological, morphological and biological characterization of these ciliates were carried out. In the histological observation, many ciliates were found under the epithelia of gill filaments and skin, and caused hyperplasia of epithelial and mucus cells at the infected areas. The ciliates found on the body surface, fins and gills were very similar to Cryptocaryon irritans. However the ciliates showed two different patterns of reproductian, i.e., typical form(palintomy)and atypical form(budding plus multiple fission) at $16^{\circ}C$ of water temperature. The occurrence ratio between typical and atypical form was about 3:2. Tomitogenesis takes 8-14 days in the typical and 13-15 days in the atypical form. In the viability test at different temperatures and salinities, the typical form died below 30‰ at $12^{\circ}C$, below 20‰ at $16^{\circ}C$, below 15‰ at $20^{\circ}C$, and below 25‰ at $24^{\circ}C$, respectively. On the other hand, the atypical form died below 20‰ at $12^{\circ}C$, below 15‰ at 16-$20^{\circ}C$, and below 25‰ at $24^{\circ}C$, respectively. The results suggested that the atypical has better viability at low salinity than that of the typical at low temperatures. In the excystment time and success rates of excystment according to temperatures, the typical form showed 8 days, 30% at $12^{\circ}C$ : 6.5 days, 50%, at $16^{\circ}C$ : 5.5 days, 75% at $20^{\circ}C$ : and 7 days, 10% at $24^{\circ}C$, respectively. On the other hand, the atypical form showed 15.5 days at $12^{\circ}C$ : 14 days, 76.6% at $16^{\circ}C$ : 12 days, 72.2% at $20^{\circ}C$ : 10 days 31.6% at $24^{\circ}C$, respectively. The results suggested that the atypical form had longer excystment time than that of the typical form at any temperature and showed better stability at low temperatures.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.170-176
• /
• 1999

Objectives: To evaluate the protective effects of glutathione (GSH) on the cytotoxicity of mercurial compounds$(CM_3HgCl,\;HgCl_2)$ or cadmium chloride$(CdCl_2)$ in EMT-6 cells. Methods: The compounds investigated were $CH_3HgCl,\;HgCl_2,\;CdCl_2$, GSH, buthionine Sulfoximine(BSO), L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid(OTC). Cytotoxicity analysis consist of nitric oxide(NO) production, ATP production and cell viability. Results: Mercurial compounds and cadmium chloride significantly decreased cell viability and the synthesis of NO and cellular ATP in EMT-6 cells. GSH was not toxic at concentrations of 0-1.6 mM. In the presence of GSH, mercurial compounds and cadmium did not decrease the production of ATP and nitrite in EMT-6 cells. The protective effects of GSH against the cytotoxicity of mercurial compounds and cadmium depended on the concentration of added GSH to the culture medium for EMT-6 cells. We evaluated the effects of intracellular GSH level on mercury- or cadmium-induced cytotoxicity by the pretreatment experiments. Pretreatment of GSH was not changed ${NO_2}^-$ and ATP production, and pretreatment of BSO was decreased in dose and time-dependent manner. Pretreatment of OTC was increased ${NO_2}^-$ and ATP production in dose- and tine-dependent manner. Because intracellular GSH level was increased by OTC pretreatment, the protective effect on mercury- and cadmium-induced cytotoxicity was increased. Conclusions: These results indicated that sulfhydryl compounds had the protective effects against mercury-induced cytotoxicity by the intracellular GSH levels.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.236-242
• /
• 1996

Orostachys japonjcus, called Wasong in herb medicine, has been artificially cultivated as an anti-tumor medicinal. The experiment was done to examine the effect of night-break periods imposed immediately before its bolting time on its morphological, flowering-related characters and fraction dry weights. After a plant was grown in a 15cm plastic pot containing a 2:1 soil:Peat moss mixture for about 3 months, three different night-break periods (0.5, 1 and 2 hours) around midnight were treated from Aug. 24. to compare with the natural daylength. The plants were sampled 6 times by 2-week interval after the treatments. Plant height and inflorescence length of all the treatments inclined with time lapse after the treatment and were shorter in 2 hour night-break due to slow increment than in the other treatments, while stem diameter showed reverse result. All the treatments except 2 hour night -break were nearly same in fraction, shoot and total dry weights per plant; two hour night-break treatment had greater leaf and bract weight from 6 weeks, greater stem, shoot and total weights from 2 weeks and greater root weight from 4 weeks but did less floret weight after the treatment. Although florets on the inflorescence were formed in 2 hour night-break treatment, flowering florets and flowering plants never occurred. In the other treatments showed the similar response, however, more florets appeared from 2 weeks, flowering florets was sharply increased from 6 weeks and flowering plants were reached up to 100% from 6 to 8 weeks after the treatment. Inflorescence length or number of total florets per plant in 2 hour night-break was positive-correlated to all the fraction dry weights except that those of natural daylength was not done, meaning that its artificial cultivation should permit bolting to secure more shoot dry matter.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.49 no.11
• /
• pp.1194-1201
• /
• 2006

Purpose : The comatose mentality can be catastrophic, especially if the condition is severe or the duration is prolonged. Therefore, delayed diagnosis can result in a poor outcome or death. The best radiologic modality to differentiate from cerebral lesions in patients suffering from cerebral diseases is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) rather than computed tomography (CT). Special apparatuses with metal materials such as ventilators, and cardiac pacemakers belonging to patients cannot be located in the magnetic field. We aimed to exhibit the possibility of examining MRI, maintaining ventilation at a relative long distance by means of modified $Ambu^{(R)}$. Methods : Self-inflating bags as a sort of a manual ventilator, connected with relatively long extension tubes instead of mechanical ventilators, were adopted to obtain MRI. PVC (polyvinyl chloride) extension tubes had different lengths and diameters. Lengths were 1, 2, and 3 cm and diameters were 15, and 25 mm. The work of breathing and expiratory changes of expiratory tidal volume (TVe), minute volume of expiration (MVe), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) were measured by use of the mechanical ventilator, $Servoi^{(R)}$, as the alteration of TVi (inspiratory tidal volume), extension tube lengths and diameters with other values fixed. Results : Measured TVe and MVe by ventilator were the same values with control at every TVi, regardless of extension tube lengths and diameters, but PIP were increased with the rise of TVi, tube lengths, with decline of tube diameters, these were statistically significant. Conclusion : MRI examination can be carried out with a self-inflating bag connected with an extension tube at a long distance in patients who need artificial ventilation.