• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.18
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• pp.7951-7954
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• 2014

Background: To evaluate the cervical pathology of cytology-negative/high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) positive-women. Materials and Methods: This study recruited 4,583 women aged 30-70 years who had undergone cervical screening by liquid-based cytology and HR-HPV test (14 HR-HPV types) at Lampang Cancer Hospital during October 2012 to July 2013. Colposcopy was carried out in all women. Results: One hundred and ninety-two (4.19%) women were found to be cytology-negative/HR-HPV-positive. However, 23 cases were excluded because of incomplete information, leaving 169 women for further analyses. Of these 169, 45 (26.6%) were infected with HPV 16/18 and 49 (29.0%) with multiple genotypes of HR-HPV. Nineteen of 169 (11.24%) women were found to have CIN 2-3. No women in the present study had AIS or invasive cervical lesions. Prevalence of CIN 2-3 among women infected with HPV 16/18 was 15.6% which was higher than the 9.68% in those with non-HPV 16/18 oncogenic types. Conclusions: Overall, 11% of cytology-negative/HR-HPV-positive women had significant cervical lesions. Risk of harboring such lesions was substantially increased among those who were HPV 16/18 positive.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.5861-5865
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• 2013

We investigated the distribution of HPV genotypes in Uyghur women in Xinjiang region of China, and behavioral factors which could predispose them to HPV infection. In this cross-sectional study, women aged 15-59 years were recruited by cluster sampling method in Yutian region in 2009. Liquid-based cytology samples were analyzed centrally for HPV genotype with a linear array detector. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify behavioral risk factors for HPV infection. A total of 883 Uyghur women were recruited successfully. The prevalence of high-risk HPV and low-risk HPV were 7.25% and 1.58%, respectively; the most common HPVs were HPV16, 51, 31, 39 and 58. We found that age of first sexual intercourse was a strong predictor for HPV infection (odds ratio of 4.01 for ${\leq}15$ years versus ${\geq}25$). Having sexual partners ${\geq}3$ was the second predictor (OR 3.69, 95% CI 2.24-7.16). Cleaning the vagina after sex showed an increased risk of HPV infection (OR 2.72; 95% CI 1.98-5.13); Using the condom showed protective factors for HPV infection (OR 0.36; 95%CI0.12-0.53). HPV16, 51, 31, 39 and 58 were the priority types; the age of first sexual intercourse was identified as a major risk factor for HPV infection. Other notable risks were number of sexual partners and cleaning the vagina after sex. Changing these behavioral risk factors could help to reduce the occurrence of cervical cancer in this population.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.861-865
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• 2014

Background: High risk HPV (HR-HPV) testing has been recommended as an effective tool along with cytology screening in identification of cervical intraepithelial lesions (CINs) and prevention of their progress towards invasive cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the HR-HPV DNA status by Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) assay in healthy asymptomatic women of North-East India. Materials and Methods: This study examined cervical cell samples of forty three (n=43) healthy women by HC2 assay. A High Risk HPV DNA kit (Qiagen) was used which can detect 13 high risk HPV types: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 68. Results: The mean relative light units (RLU) for samples was in the range of 141-5, 94, 619. HR-HPV DNA was confirmed in 16% (7/43) of participant women samples. Among demographic and clinical parameters, menstrual irregularity (p=0.039) and infection history (p=0.028) has shown statistically significant differences between the HR-HPV-positive and negative groups. In the HR-HPV positive group, two women were confirmed for CINs after colposcopy and histopathologic examination. Conclusions: We suggest that there may be an association between irregular menstruation and infection history of the urogenital tract with HR-HPV DNA prevalence in North-East Indian asymptomatic women. HC2 assay can be a valuable tool for HR-HPV screening.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.2355-2359
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• 2013

Vulva cancer is rare among all gynecological cancer worldwide, including Thailand, and mainly affects older women. Persistent high risk type infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the one important factor for developing cancer. In this study, we focused on HPV DNA investigation and type-specific distribution of HPV in 25 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples collected from Thai women with vulva cancer histologically confirmed by the National Cancer Institute, Thailand, during 2003-2011. HPV DNA detection and genotyping were undertaken with polymerase-chain reaction and enzyme-immunoassay using GP5+/bio6+ consensus specific primers and digoxigenin-labeled specific oligoprobes, respectively. Human ${\beta}$-globin genes was used as the internal control. Our results showed that 44% (11/25) of all vulva cancer samples were HPV-positive. All of them are high risk HPV type infection, detected as single (63.64%, 7/11) and/or double infections (4/11, 36.36%). HPV 16 was the most common type identified in vulva cancer, followed by HPV 35, 33, 18 and 58. In conclusion, this study presented that HPV-16 is observed at the highest frequency in this cancer, similar to cervical cancer, with HPV 18 being less frequent. Although the sample size was small and could not represent overall incidence and prevalence in Thai women, these preliminary data for vulva cancer are of interest since they reinforce the necessity for HPV screening or vaccination in Thailand.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.2299-2304
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• 2012

Since there is evidence that human papillomavirus (HPV) may play some role in oral carcinogenesis, we investigated the presence of HPV in a group of Pakistani subjects with normal oral cavity using real-time PCR analysis. Two-hundred patients attending the Dental Department, Sandaman Provincial Hospital, Balochistan, Pakistan, were recruited. After interview, oral epithelial cells were collected by scraping and subjected to DNA extraction. The HPV-positive DNA samples were further analyzed using primer sets specific for HPV-16 and -18. It was found that out of 200 DNA samples, 192 were PCR-positive for the ${\beta}$-globin gene and these were subsequently examined for the presence of HPV DNA. Among these, 47 (24.5%) were HPV-positive with the virus copy number ranged between 0.43-32 copies per 1 ${\mu}g$ of total DNA (9-99 copies per PCR reaction). There were 4 and 11 samples containing HPV-16 and -18, respectively. Additionally, one sample harbored both types of HPV. Among the investigated clinical parameters, smoking habit was associated with the presence of HPV (p = 0.001) while others indicated no significant association. The prevalence of HPV in normal oral cavity in our Pakistani subjects appears to be comparable to other studies. However, the association between the presence of HPV and smoking warrants further investigations whether both of these factors can cooperate in inducing oral cancer in this group of patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.16
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• pp.7271-7275
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of significant lesions defined as high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and invasive carcinoma in women who had HPV-positive and cytology negative co-testing screening results. This retrospective study was conducted in Chiang Mai University Hospital between May, 2013 and August, 2014. Hybrid capture 2 (HC2) was used for HPV testing and conventional Pap smears for cytologic screening. A repeat liquid-based cytology (LBC) was performed in women with such co-testing results followed by colposcopy. Random biopsy was performed in cases of normal colposcopic findings. Further investigations were carried out according to the biopsy or the repeat LBC results. During the study period, 273 women met the criteria and participated in the study. The mean age of these women was 46.4 years with 30% of them reporting more than one partner. The median interval time to colposcopy was 165 days. About 40% showed an abnormality in the repeat cytology. Significant cervical lesions were found in 20 (7.3%) women, including 2 invasive cancers. Of interest was that only 2 of 20 significant lesions were diagnosed by colposcopic examination while the remainder were initially detected by cervical biopsy and abnormal repeat cytology. In conclusion, the prevalence of significant cervical lesions in HPV positive and cytology negative women in Northern Thailand was 7.3%. Further diagnostic work up with repeat cytology follow by colposcopy is recommended. Random biopsy should be performed even when the colposcopic findings are normal.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2619-2623
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• 2012

The prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes differs in various target organs. HPV16 is the most prevalent genotype in the cervix while genotypes 6 and 11 are highly prevalent in skin and aero-digestive tract infections. In this study HPV11 positive specimens were selected from cervix, larynx and lung biopsy tissue to analyze the whole genome by PCR and direct sequencing. Five HPV11 whole genomes were characterized, consisting of two cervical specimens, two laryngeal specimens and one lung specimen. The results showed high homology of HPV11 in these organs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all HPV11 derived from various organs belonged to the same lineage. Molecular characterization and functional studies can further our understanding of virulence, expression or transmission. Additional studies on functional protein expression at different organ sites will also contribute to our knowledge of HPV infection in various organs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.15
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• pp.6405-6409
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• 2014

Background: To study the prevalence of abnormal anal cytology by Papanicolaou (Pap) technique in HIV-infected women who attended a HIV clinic at Prapokklao Hospital, Chanthaburi, Thailand. Materials and Methods: HIV-infected women who attended a HIV clinic at Prapokklao Hospital from March 2013 to February 2014 were recruited for anal Pap smears. Participants who had abnormal results of equally or over "abnormal squamous/glandular cells of undetermined significance" (ASC-US) were classified as abnormal anal cytology. Results: A total of 590 anal Pap smears were performed at HIV clinic of Prapokklao Hospital during the study period. There were only 13 patients who had abnormal Pap tests, which were: 11 ASC-US and 2 HSIL (high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion). The prevalence of abnormal anal Pap smears in HIV-infected women who attended HIV clinic at Prapokklao Hospital was 2.2 percent. Percentage of high risk HPV in patients who had abnormal Pap test was 88.9 (8/9). Conclusions: The prevalence of abnormal anal Papanicolaou smears in HIV-infected women who attended the HIV clinic at Prapokklao hospital was quite low in comparison to the earlier literature.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.2073-2080
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• 2015

Background: The human papillomavirus (HPV) and its variants show wide geographical distribution and have been reported to cause cervical lesions. With cervical neoplasia as the leading cancer in Indian women, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the multiple infection HPV type distribution and variant genotypes in cervical samples from the coastal Karnataka region, India. Materials and Methods: A total of 212 samples were screened by nested polymerase chain reaction using PGMY9/11 and GP5+/6+ primers. HPV positive samples were sequenced to identify the types and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method. Results: Sequence analysis identified a total of 14 HPV types distributed in 20%, 73.3% and 82.5% of non-malignant, pre-malignant [low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL)] and cervical cancer samples. The distribution of high risk HPV in cancer samples was HPV 16, 76.4%, HPV18, 11.7%, HPV81, 2.9%, HPV31, 1.4%, HPV35, 1.4% and HPV 45, 1.4%. Multiple infections were observed in 11.8% of tumor samples with HPV 16 contributing to 62.5% of cases. In non-malignant samples, 20% of HPV positive samples were detected with HPV16, 82.3%, HPV33, 5.8% and HPV58, 5.8% and very low incidence of multiple infections. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of HPV variants identified 9 HPV sequences as new papillomavirus species, predominantly classified as European lineage type. Conclusions: The findings for HPV infections associated with progression of cervical cancer in coastal Karnataka region and HPV variant analysis provide baseline data for prevention and HPV vaccination programs.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.247-254
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• 2016

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary precondition of cervical cancer. A change from cytology to molecular HPV testing is, however, challenging. A new HPV DNA chip test for the infection of 22 HPV genotypes were developed in Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV infection in the Seoul area. Over the last year, a total of 5,614 samples were tested. Using a chip test, HPV genotypes were detected in 1,596 (28.4%); of which, 679 (42.5%) were considered as high risk and low risk HPV were 152 (9.5%). 831 were single positive samples (n=1596). The most frequently found genotypes in all HPV-single positive samples (n=831) were HPV-16 (16.5%), 58 (15.2%), 52 (8.8%), 51 (7.1%) and 56 (5.9%). Mixed genotypes (n=219) were detected in 2 (n=176, 11.0%), 3 (n=37, 5.9%), and 4 (n=2, 0.1%) positive samples (n=1596). This study demonstrated that epidemical investigated HPV infection in patients of general hospital. These findings could be used to indicate a nationwide distribution of HPV and the adoption of vaccines. It is hoped that additional epidemiological research regarding the outcomes that are important to decision makers will be conducted.