• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.311-318
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• 2016

Azorubine is a synthetic tar color containing azo-bond in the molecular structure. This food colorant has been allowed to be used for beverages, cheese and dried fruits in the European Union and for some food in Australia. Even though it is applicable as a food color in many countries, this compound has not been permitted in Korea so far as a food additive. Thus, this study was performed to establish an analysis method for azorubine in Korea by comparison of three HPLC analysis methods for azorubine and other azo-compounds which are officially used in the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA, EU), the Food Standard Agency (FSA, England) and the National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation (NIFDS, Korea). The analysis method of the FSA for azorubine showed the best linearity ($r^2=0.999$), limit of detection (LOD, $0.07{\mu}g/mL$), limit of quantification (LOQ, $0.20{\mu}g/mL$), precision (0~0.5%) and accuracy (98.6~100.7%) among tested HPLC methods using a C-18 column and diode array detector (DAD) with ammonium acetate solution and acetonitrile as an eluent solution. Finally selected method of FSA was further verified by inter-day and intra-day experiments with linearity, LOD, LOQ, precision and accuracy. Recovery test showed the recover ratios of 97~103%, 95~101%, and 93~102% in beverages, breads/snacks and other foods, respectively. Inter-laboratory test represented the absolute value of z-score of less than 2 which means satisfactory levels in this test. Selected method of FSA showed reliable analytical results in application test using food samples collected in commercial markets in Europe.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.83-97
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• 2014

Objectives: This study aimed for establishing the discriminative criteria for Aucklandiae Radix, Inulae Radix, Vladimiriae Radix and Aristolochiae Radix, which can be confused as 'Mokhyang', because of similar appearances and synonyms. Methods: Morphological characteristics of dried herbal medicines were compared by macroscopic observation. To examine microscopic features of 'Mokhyang', paraffin embedding and the staining by using Ju's method were conducted. Physicochemical experiments were performed using HPLC analysis and antioxidant assay. Results: The types of stem, phyllotaxy and leaf shape were chosen as macroscopic criteria and the size, oil spots, color and root top as well as phloem and central cylinder were compared using microscopic features. The HPLC results showed different amounts of costunolide and dehydrocostuslactone among Aucklandiae Radix, Inulae Radix and Vladimiriae Radix. However, Aristolochiae Radix only contained aristolochic acid. The antioxidant assays also showed that Vladimiriae Radix exhibited strongest antioxidant activity followed by Aucklandiae Radix, Inulae Radix and Aristolochiae Radix. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical methods would be useful tools for the discrimination of 4 kinds of 'Mokhyang'.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.861-865
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• 2005

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DHP), indophenol, and HPLC methods, which are generally used to analyze vitamin C, were evaluated by comparing changes in vitamin C contents in various samples kept at 10 and $20^{\circ}C$. Amount of total ascorbic acid (TAA) in yoghurt A kept at $10^{\circ}C$, as measured by DNP method, decreased from 26.7mg/100mL for early period to 22.8mg/100mL for final period of storage, whereas, on 3rd and 10th storage days, increased contrary to general results. Using indophenol, TAA measured at 28.6 and 9.5mg/100mL, and 30.5 and 14.6mg/100mL using HPLC far early and final periods, respectively. With indophenol and HPLC, TAA amount showed steady tendency to decrease. In conclusion, HPLC is the most suitable method to analyze vitamin C content, and indophenol method can be also used during early storage stage.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.503-525
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• 2012

Consumers are increasingly concerned about the origin of foods, so the geographical origin of foods has been a major topic of debate and extensive research. Various instrumental methods (e.g. high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), electronic nose, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), DNA analysis, multi-isotope analysis) in conjunction with statistical analysis, were developed and applied in attempt to provide reliable answers to their geographical origin. This study reviews current developments in the application of various methods for a clear geographical origin of foods. The limitation of discrimination analysis for geographical origin was also discussed.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.187-191
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• 2016

Biogenic amines have been used as chemical indicators of fermented foods. So far, several chromatography methods have been developed to detect biogenic amines in foods. However, few methods have identified these compound in domestic cheese. We analyzed the biogenic amines (histamine dihydrochloride, tyramine hydrochloride, ${\beta}$-phenylethylamine hydrochloride, putrescine dihydrochloride, cadaverine, spermidine, tryptamine hydrochloride, ethanolamine hydrochloride and butylamine) in cheese by using HPLC. The calibration curves of the biogenic amines were found to be linear over the concentration range of 10-50 ppm with a correlation coefficient of above 0.99. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the biogenic amines in the given order were 3.7 and 11.3 ppm, 3.4 and 10.4ppm, 3.4 and 10.3 ppm, 4.0 and 12.2 ppm, 3.4 and 10.4 ppm, 3.4 and 10.5 ppm, 3.5 and 10.7 ppm, 4.1 and 12.5 ppm, and 3.4 and 10.4 ppm, respectively. Recovery rates of the biogenic amines in the given order were 112, 104, 93, 108, 91, 102, 101, and 92%, respectively. The findings of this study suggest that HPLC is a suitable method for the determination of biogenic amines, thereby indicating its potential application in the quality control of aging cheese.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.382-394
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• 2016

Background: Ginsenosides are the characteristic and principal components which manifest a variety of the biological and pharmacological activities of the roots and rhizomes of Panax ginseng (GRR). This study was carried out to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the ginsenosides in the cultivated and forest GRR. Methods: A rapid and sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detector and quadrupole/time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS/MS) was applied to the qualitative analysis of ginsenosides and a 4000 QTRAP triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-MS) was applied to quantitative analysis of 19 ginsenosides. Results: In the qualitative analysis, all ingredients were separated in 10 min. A total of 131 ginsenosides were detected in cultivated and forest GRR. The method for the quantitative determination was validated for linearity, precision, and limits of detection and quantification. 19 representative ginsenosides were quantitated. The total content of all 19 ginsenosides in the forest GRR were much higher than those in the cultivated GRR, and were increased with the growing ages. Conclusion: This newly developed analysis method could be applied to the quality assessment of GRR as well as the distinction between cultivated and forest GRR.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2015

This study was conducted to simultaneous analysis methods for water soluble vitamins B group (vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, vitamin $B_6$) which is used as health functional foods etc. Analytical methods of water-soluble vitamins B group by HPLC were established through instrumental analytical conditions, and the examination of data such as domestic and foreign reliable methods, and papers of journal. HPLC method analyzing water soluble vitamins B group was established using Capcell Pak C18 UG 120 column in 270 nm through test of columns. The validation has been performed on the method to determine linearity, accuracy, limits of quantification (LOQ) and repeatability for water soluble vitamins B group. An excellent linearity ($r^2=0.999$) was observed for vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, vitamin $B_6$ in the concentration range ($0.1{\sim}2{\mu}g/mL$). Observed recovery of vitamin $B_1$ was found to be between 100 and 103%, vitamin $B^2$ was found to be between 104 and 112%, nicotinic acid was found to be between 82 and 85%, nicotinamide was found to be between 121 and 124% and vitamin $B_6$ was found to be between 95 and 104%. LOQ of vitamin $B_1$ was found to be $0.04{\mu}g/mL$, vitamin $B_2$ was found to be $0.05{\mu}g/mL$, nicotinic acid was found to be $0.15{\mu}g/mL$, nicotinamide was found to be $0.08{\mu}g/mL$ and vitamin $B_6$ was found to be $0.63{\mu}g/mL$. Repeatability precision for vitamin $B_1$ was found to be 0.4%, vitamin $B_2$ was found to be 0.4%, nicotinic acid was found to be 0.5%, nicotinamide was found to be 0.7% and vitamin $B_6$ was found to be 0.4% relative standard deviation (RSD). Also, verify the accuracy of the simultaneous analysis methods, we monitored the labeled contents of the health functional foods and children's preferred foods.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.184-189
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• 2009

A simple and reliable reverse phase HPLC method of Coptidis Rhizoma and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix were developed to determine pharmacologically active marker compounds. The water-extract of two natural medicines were evaluated by the HPLC methods. The stability test for two extract were examined for five months. However, no significant change in the content of the marker compounds of each extract observed during the time of investigation.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.181-187
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• 1997

New HPLC method was developed for determination of some flavonoids such as naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, rutin, quercitrin, naringenin, hesperetin and apigenin and their contents in citrus juice and citrus peel from citrus varieties Brown in Cheju. Detection was at 280nm and reverse phase ${\mu}$-Bondapak C-18 column was used. Water/methanol/acetic acid as the mobile phase was better than water/acetonitrile/acetic acid. Flavonoids were more stable in 20% n,n-dimethylformamide in methanol(20% DMF) than methanol and pH 12 adjusted by 1N-sodium hydroxide solution. Standard flavonoid solutions were injected three times consecutively and the reproduciability was 0.236 to 3.550%, Correlation coefficient of the calibration curve was 0.9946 to 0.9999. The exiraction efficiency of hesperidin from citrus peel was evaluated with different extraction method such as reflux, ultra-sonicating method, using three solvents (aqueous solutions with pH12 adjusted by 1N-sodium hydroxide, methanol and 20% DMF), respectively. The reflux for 4 hour in 20% DMF was the most efficient of the tested methods and solvents, and recovery percentage were 78.0∼130.0%. Flavonoids were determined in citrus juice. Naringin was 68.2mg/100$m\ell$ in Natsudaidai, Hesperidin were 85.6mg/100$m\ell$ in Sankyool and Neohesperidin was 25.3mg/100$m\ell$ in Dangyooja. Flavonoids were determined in citrus peel. Naringin was 110mg/g in Dangyooja, Hesperidin was 242mg/g in Hungjin and Neohesperidin was 87.9mg/g in Dangyooja.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.334-342
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• 2018

Background: Panax notoginseng is a highly valued medicine and functional food, whose quality is considered to be influenced by the size, botanical parts, and growth environments. Methods: In this study, a HPLC method integrating fingerprinting and determination of multiconstituents by single reference standard was established and adopted to investigate the chemical profiles and active constituent contents of 215 notoginseng samples with different sizes, from different botanical parts and geographical regions. Results: Chemical differences among main root, branch root, and rotten root were not distinct, while rhizome and fibrous root could be discriminated from other parts. The notoginseng samples from Wenshan Autonomous Prefecture and cities nearby were similar, whereas samples from cities far away were not. The contents of major active constituents in main root did not correlate with the market price. Conclusion: This study provided comprehensive chemical evidence for the rational usage of different parts, sizes, and growth regions of notoginseng in practice.