• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

Samjunghwan (SJH) was fermented using five different probiotic bacterial strains (Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus acidophilus or Bifidobacterium longum) separately. We examined the inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation through Oil Red O staining and analyzed the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ${\alpha}$ ($C/EPB{\alpha}$), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$), uncoupling protein (UCP)-2, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase which are adipogenic transcription factors. Both Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium-fermented SJH reduced Oil Red O dye staining compared with the same dose of non-fermented SJH. Only Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented SJH inhibited all adipogenic transcription factors and showed the best down-regulation of $PPAR{\gamma}$, UCP-2, and HMG-CoA reductase compared with the same dose of non-fermented SJH. The effect of SJH on the inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation was more prominent from the fermented SJH. Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented SJH, in particular, blocks the expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$, UCP-2, HMG-CoA reductase.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.702-708
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• 2005

Cholesterol-lowering effect of pine nut on mice was investigated by examining changes in body weight, feed intake, and triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density liporotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) contents in mice plasma. Changes in body weight and feed intake between pre-designed experimental animal groups fed various contents of cholesterol and pine nut and control group fed basal diet were not significantly different. Food efficiency ratio of experimental groups fed higher than 10% pine nut was significantly higher than that of control group. Apparent differences in atherogenic index representing cholesterol-lowering effect in plasma were not found among all groups fed 0-20% pine nut. Inhibition activities of water and hexane extracts of pine nut on HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol esterase were examined in vitro. Hexane extract showed 66% inhibition effect on HMG-CoA reductase, whereas none was observed with water extract.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 1991

The objective of this in vitro study is to screen a possible inhibitor, originated from some chinese herb medicines, of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase that is the major regulatory enzyme of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. Fourteen kinds of herbal plant were extracted with water and evaporated for prescreening. The methanol extracts of the effective 3 kinds (9 species) were fractionated with chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol and water, and vacuum evaporated. The degree of inhibition of the extracts to HMG-CoA reductase activity was calculated by the spectrophotometric method using microsomal protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 42949 as an enzyme source. Among these samples, marked inhibitory effects were observed in the extracts of ethylacetate and chloroform fractions of the Rosa rugosa roots, and those of butanol, ehtylacetate and water fractions of pine leaves. Also, the inhibitory effects of the extracts obtained from buckwheat shell and the roots of Rosaceae were found.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to compare the antihyperlipidemic effects of different Dendropanax morbifera leaf extracts in vitro. The extracts differed in terms of specimen age, harvesting season, and extraction method. RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with these extracts and stimulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Ethanol was used to induce toxicity in HepG2 cells. Cellular lipid accumulation was quantified using oil red O staining in both these cells. The extracts were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. RAW 264.7 cells treated with the 60% ethanol extract of an 8-year-old specimen harvested in November exhibited the lowest lipid accumulation. The 30% ethanol extract of a 5-year-old specimen harvested in May exhibited the greatest protection from ethanol-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. The hot water extract of an 8-year-old specimen harvested in May showed the greatest inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase. These results showed that D. morbifera extracts prepared from leaves that are harvested in May possess the highest antihyperlipidemic effects.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.215-220
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• 2008

Hypolipidemic effect of Insamsansa-eum (ISE, Ren-Shen-Shan-Zah-Yin in Chinese) consisted of Red ginseng (RG; the steamed root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and Crataegii fructus (CF, the fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida BGE) is used frequently in China and Korea as a herbal medicine to treat arteriosclerosis, was investigated. Treatment of ISE significantly reduced blood triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic mice and serum TG levels in corn oil-induced hypertriglyceridemic mice. ISE significantly lowered the high blood TG and TC levels as well as body and epididymal mass weights in hyperlipidemic mice induced by long-term feeding of a high-fat diet and increased blood HDL cholesterol level. ISE and its ingredients, RG and CF, inhibited pancreatic lipase and HMG-CoA reductase activities. Of its ingredients, RG reduced the blood TC level and HMG-CoA reductase activity more than CF. CF reduced blood TG level and pancreatic lipase activity more than RG. These finding suggest that the antihyperlipidemic effect of ISE may be due to synergistic inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and pancreatic lipase by RG and CF, and that ISE may be effective hypolipidemic agents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.666-670
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• 2008

Lovastatin (Mevinolin, Monacolin K) is a well-known drug for the therapy of hypercholesterolemia. It is an important fungal secondary metabolite as it inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase, EC 1.1.1.34) which catalyzes a major rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Both soybeans and black soybeans with Aspergillus terreus ATCC 20542 mutant were used as the seed culture for the mass production of lovastatin. The production of lovastatin in soybean seed culture of Asp. terreus was twofold compared to that of black soybean seed culture. The effect of two different vessels (petri dish and Erlenmeyer flask) on lovastatin production was also studied. The production of lovastatin on petri dish was tenfold to that of Erlenmeyer flask. Furthermore, the most lovastatin production on rice bran was achieved when the soybean seed culture was treated by heat shock at $30^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour, representing 82% of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition in the koji extract. We estimated that the heat treated soybean seed culture could be a new method for the mass production of lovastatin.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.353-362
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• 2021

Ecklonia stolonifera, which belongs to the family Laminariaceae, is an edible perennial brown marine alga that is widely distributed, and is rich in polyphenols, including dieckol. Here, we investigated the radical scavenging activities of E. stolonifera extract (ESE) using various in vitro models. We further evaluated the effect of ESE on the cholesterol secretion inhibition activity in HepG2 cells, as well as the hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity. Our results showed that the total phenol, total flavonoid, and dieckol contents of ESE were 9.64±0.04 mg GAE/g, 2.72±0.08 mg RE/g and 27.42±0.66 mg/g, respectively. The antioxidant activity of ESE increased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the ESE inhibited cholesterol secretion from HepG2 cells with anti-HMG-CoA reductase activity. These results suggested that ESE possesses antioxidant and anti-cholesterol activities, and can therefore be used as a preclinical bioresource for development of health functional foods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1217-1222
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of mulberry leaves on lipid metabolism in cho lesterol induced hypercholesterolemia rats. The mulberry treatment group showed decreases of serum lipid concentration compared with hyperlipidemic group. Also, Mulberry leaves inhibited the activity of HMG Co A reductase, increased lipase activity. In histopathological examination, abdominal aorta showed no critical lesions with mulberry leaves treatment. These results suggest that hypolipidemic effects of mulberry leaves on rats were the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis and acceleration of cholesterol catabolism in the liver. For human, serum triglyceride contents were more significantly decreased with treatment of mulberry leaves powder.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.279-283
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• 2006

This study was conducted to examine the effect of polyphenols from safflower seed on HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) activity, LDL oxidation and Apo A1 secretion from Hep3B cell. The safflower seed polyphenols were matairesinol (Iignan), enterolactone (lignan metabolite), acacetin (flavone) and serotonin derivative. In addition to safflower polyphenols, mevastatin, ${\alpha}-estradiol,\;{\alpha}-tocopherol$ and soy genistein were tested as reference compounds depending on the type of the test. HMGR source was liver microsome obtained from rat fed 2% cholestyramine for 10 days. Inhibition of HMGR activity was greater with mevastatin (53%) than safflower serotonin derivatives (45%), followed by genistein (35%), but was very small with matairesinol, enterolactone and acacetin. LDL oxidation induced by $CuSO_4$ was suppressed by all the test material used in the present study and in the order of safflower serotonin derivatives> matairesinol > ${\beta}-estradiol$ > genistein > acacetin > enterolactone. Apo A1 secretion from Hep3B cell was significantly stimulated by mevastatin, but moderately (p<0.1) by ${\beta}-estradiol$ and genistein as well as enterolactone. These results suggest that the safflower polyphenols improve body lipid status via inhibition of cholesterol synthesis and suppression of LDL oxidation.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.368-376
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• 1999

Twenty-four Oriental herbal medicines including Platycodi Radix and Scutellariae Radix, etc., which have been used for the cure of hyperlipidemia, coronary heart, disease were evaluated for the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A(HMG-CoA) reductase inhibition and antioxidant effect on a free radical, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) in vitro, and antihyperlipidemic effect on hyperlipidemic rats induced by Triton WR-1339 in vivo. 80% MeOH extract of eight herbs including Scutellariae Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix Rubra, Moutan Cortex Radicis, Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam, Cinnamomi Ramulus and Crataegi Fructus inhibited the HMG-CoA reductase activities and exhibited a radical-trapping action on a stable free radical, DPPH. On Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic rats, four herbs including Scutellariae Radix, Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam and Cinnamomi Ramulus showed respectively the significant suppression of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid and LDL-cholesterol levels and serum transaminase(ALT and AST) activities. From these results, it is suggested that each 80% MeOH extract of Scutellariae Radix, Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam and Cinnamomi Ramulus have effective antihyperlipidemic action against hyperlipidemia.