• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.48-59
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• 2005

Objectives : The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of WS on HepG2 cell cycle and expression of related genes. Methods : The MTT assay, Cell counting analysis, $[^3H]-Thymidine$ Incorporation Assay, Flow cytometric analysis, Quantitative RT-PCR were studied. Results : WS inhibited HepG2 cell proliferation in low concentration$(1-10\;{\mu]g/ml)$ which did not cause direct cytotoxicity, with dose-dependant manner. WS in-hibited DNA synthesis as well. Flow cytometric analysis on the HepG2 cell showed G2/M phase arrest. Conclusion : These results suggest that WS inhibits HepG2 cell proliferation not by the gene regulation but by G2/M phase arrest in the cell cycle. Thus further studies on the effect of WS in G2/M phase regulation are thought to be needed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.3034-3038
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• 2009

A simple, rapid, practical and sensitive spectofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of trace amount of heparin (Hep). Under the Optimum conditions, we studied the interaction between NFLX-Ce$^{3+}$-Hep complex by using absorption and fluorescence spectra. It was observed that Hep remarkably enhance the fluorescence intensity of the NFLX-Ce$^{3+}$ complex at ${\lambda}$= 356 nm in the buffer solution of pH = 7.60 and the enhancement effect is shown to relate with the concentration of Hep. The linear range and detection limit for the determination of Hep was obtained. By the Rosenthal graphic method, the association constant (K) and binding numbers (N) of Hep with probe were investigated. This method is relatively free of interference from coexisting substances and successfully applied for the determination of heparin in heparin sodium injection samples. A suitable mechanism of fluorescence enhancement between NFLX-Ce$^{3+}$ and the NFLX-Ce$^{3+}$-Hep systems were proposed and discussed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.176-186
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• 2018

In this study, the total polyphenol contents, antioxidant activities and anti-proliferation effects of HepG2 cell lines in organic slovent fractions obtained from the main methanolic extract of P. yezoensis were analyzed. The polyphenol content of the $CHCl_3$ fraction was $10.3{\mu}g/mg$, slightly less than $13.08{\mu}g/mg$ of the water fraction, but $ED_{50}$ estimated by measuring DPPH free radical scavenging activity exhibited the highest $16.96{\mu}g/ml$ in the $CHCl_3$ fraction. The proliferation effects of $CHCl_3$ and EtOAc fraction toward HepG2 cells inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, showed 90% inhibition when treated for 24 hr at $900{\mu}g/ml$ of $CHCl_3$ fraction. Meanwhile gene expression patterns in HepG2 cells treated $50{\mu}g/ml$ of $CHCl_3$ fraction were identified with microarray analysis. Concerning the efficacy of P. yezoensis, gene ontology analysis explored the genes associated with response to molecule of bacterial origin, vitamin D metabolic process, and response to nutrient. Thus IL6R, CYP1A1 were selected as significant genes based on expression patterns of HepG2 cells, and pathway analysis indicates that ARNT might be considered as a upstream regulator. Also, expression analysis of IL6R and CYP1A1, activity of upstream regulator ARNT in HepG2 cells was confirmed based on Western blotting analysis at the protein level after being treated with 50 and $100{\mu}g/ml$ of $CHCl_3$ fraction.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.259-266
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• 2000

Objectives : The effects of aqueous extracts of Cortex ulmi pumilae (a traditional medicine for cancer treatment in oriental medicine) on the induction of apoptotic cell death were investigated in human liver origm hepatoma cell lines, HepG2. Methods : The death of HepG2 cells was markedly induced by the addition of extracts of Cortex ulmi pumilae in a dose-dependent manner. The apoptotic characteristic ladder pattern of DNA strand break was not observed in cell death of HepG2. In addition, it was not shown nucleus chromatin condensation and fragmentation under hoechst staining. However, by the using annexin V staining assay, externalizations of phosphatidylserine in HepG2 cell which were treated with Cortex ulmi pumilae extracts were detected in the early time (at 9 hr after extract treatment). Furthermore, LDH release was not detected in this early stage. Therefore, Cortex ulmi pumilae extracts-induced cell death of HepG2 cells is mediated by apoptotic death signal processes. Result : The activity of caspase 3-like proteases remained in a basal level in HepG2 cells which treated with the extract of Cordyceps sinensis. However, it was markedly increased in HepG2 cells which treated with two extracts of Cortex ulmi pumilae (C.U.P.-C, C.U.P.-K) which were differently extracted (respectively, 2.3 and 3.3 fold). On a while, the phosphotransferase activities of JNK1 was markedly induced in HepG2 cells which were treated with two extracts of Cortex ulmi pumilae. On the contrary, the activation of transcriptional activator, activating protein1(AP-1) and NF-kB were severely decreased by these two extracts of Cortex ulmi pumilae (C.U.P.-C, C.U.P.-K). In addition, antioxidants (GSH and NAC) and intracellular $Ca2^+$ level regulator (Bapta/AM and Thapsigargin) did not affect Cortex ulmi pumilae extracts-induced apoptotic death of HepG2 cells. Conclusions : In conclusion, our results suggest that two extracts of Cortex ulmi pumilae (C.U.P.-C, C.U.P.-K) induces the apoptotic death of human liver origin hepatoma HepG2 cells via activation of caspase 3-like proteases as well as JNK1, and inhibition of transcriptional activators, AP-1 and $NK-{\kappa}B$.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.9 s.89
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• pp.1298-1302
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• 2007

A hallmark of cancers is 'leaky' tight junctions (Tjs). TJs mediated paracellular permeability is elevated and TJs maintained cell polarity is frequently lost. Concomitantly, TJs-associated proteins including members of the claudin family of proteins are dysregulated. Recent findings indicate that these TJs changes can contribute to cancer progression. In this study, we examined the effects of ${\beta}-lapachone$, a quinone compound obtained from the bark of the lapacho tree (Tabebuia avellanedae), on the Tjs-associated regulators in human hepatocarcinoma cell lines, HepG2 and Hep3B. ${\beta}-lapachone$ treatment downregulated the levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-lR) proteins in both HepG2 and Hep3B cells. But the levels of claudin-3 and -4 proteins were increased in ${\beta}-lapachone$-treated HepG2 and Hep3B cells. And also the zonnula occludens-l (la-I) and p-catenin protein levels by ${\beta}-lapachone$ were increased in a time-dependent manner. However, claudin-3 and -4 mRNA levels were uninhibited by ${\beta}-lapachone$ in HepG2 and Hep3B. The present results suggest that the upregulation of claudin-3 and -4 protein levels by ${\beta}-lapachone$ occurs by a post-transcriptional mechanism and points to a novel mechanism by ${\beta}-lapachone$.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 2020

The tumor suppressor gene, p53, is inactivated in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cells line, Hep3B. Berberine has been reported to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. This study examined whether apoptosis was induced in berberine-treated Hep3B cells and observed the association between apoptosis and the expression of p53 and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT). The cell viability was measured using an MTT assay. Apoptosis of Hep3B was measured using annexin V flow cytometry. Berberine-treated cells were examined for their DNMT enzymatic activity, mRNA expression, and protein synthesis. The p53 levels were examined by Western blot analysis. The berberine treatment resulted in increased Hep3B cell death and apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The DNMT3b activity, mRNA expression, and protein levels all decreased after the berberine treatment. In contrast, the p53 protein levels increased with a concomitant decrease in DNMT3b. No change in the expression of ERK was observed, but the P-ERK levels decreased in a dose dependent manner. These results indicate that a treatment of Hep3B cells with berberine can reduce the expression of DNMT3b, leading to an increase in the tumor suppressant gene p53 and an increase in cell apoptosis. This shows that berberine can effectively suppress the proliferation of liver cancer cells.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.1046-1051
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• 2011

Diallyl disulfide (DADS), the most prevalent oil-soluble organosulfur compound in garlic, is known to have diverse biological activities, including anticarcinogenic, antiatherosclerotic, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant actions. In this study, we investigated the effect of DADS on the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in human liver hepatoma cell line HepG2. Treatment of HepG2 cells by DADS evoked a dose-dependent growth inhibition without significant toxicity to the cells, and also induced the expression of transcription factor Nrf2. However, DADS did not have any enhancing effect on transcription and translation of HO-1 expression in HepG2 cells. In addition, DADS efficiently blocked protein synthesis of HO-1 in HepG2 cells stimulated by CoPP or hemin. But, DADS did not decrease the content of transcripts of HO-1 gene stimulated by CoPP, with accumulation of Nrf2 and small Maf in the nucleus. Based on these results, we conclude that DADS inhibits HO-1 expression by modulation of translational level of CoPP or hemin-induced HO-1 expression in HepG2 cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.555-560
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• 2008

Amino acid transporters are essential for the growth and proliferation in all living cells. Among the amino acid transporters, the system L amino acid transporters are the major nutrient transport system responsible for the $Na^+$-independent transport of neutral amino acids including several essential amino acids. The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), an isoform of system L amino acid transporter, is highly expressed in cancer cells to support their continuous growth and proliferation. 2-Aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) is a model compound for the study of amino acid transporter as a system L selective inhibitor. We have examined the effect and mechanism of BCH on cell growth suppression in HEp2 human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The BCH inhibited the L-leucine transport in a concentration-dependent manner with a $IC_{50}$ value of $51.2{\pm}3.8{\mu}M$ in HEp2 cells. The growth of HEp2 cells was inhibited by BCH in the timeand concentration-dependent manners. The formation of DNA ladder was not observed with BCH treatment in the cells. Furthermore, the proteolytic processing of caspase-3 and caspase-7 in the cells were not detected by BCH treatment. These results suggest that the BCH inhibits the growth of HEp2 human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma through the intracellular depletion of neutral amino acids for cell growth without apoptotic processing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.1286-1292
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA) isolated from Ligularia fischeri against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Antioxidative effects of 3,5-DCQA were determined by measuring antioxidant enzyme [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] expression levels against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress using real-time PCR analysis. 3,5-DCQA treatment significantly increased gene expression levels of SOD, CAT, and GPx in a dose-dependent manner ($10{\sim}30{\mu}g/mL$) in HepG2 cells. Hepatoprotective effects were analyzed by measuring glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities using a biochemistry analyzer in hydrogen peroxide-treated HepG2 cells. 3,5-DCQA treatment significantly reduced GOT, LDH, and GGT activities in a dose-dependent manner ($10{\sim}30{\mu}g/mL$) against increased liver function index enzyme activities induced by hydrogen peroxide oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. The results reveal that 3,5-DCQA compound isolated from Ligularia fischeri can be useful for the development of an effective hepatoprotective agent.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 2016

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to investigate for effective strategies to improve home exercise program (HEP) adherence in vestibular rehabilitation (VR). Design: Systematic review. Methods: A systematic review was conducted to identify effective strategies used to improve HEP adherence of patients in VR. Six databases, Academic Search Premier, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PUBMED, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were searched from their inception to December 31, 2015. The keywords used for search were 'home program', 'home intervention', 'compliance', 'adherence', 'vestibular rehabilitation', 'motion sickness', and 'motion sensitivity'. Results: A total of eight studies were selected to be included in the review. There was 95.2% agreement between the two reviewers who reviewed the studies using a quality assessment tool. The overall inter-rater agreement (${\kappa}$=0.73) showed good agreement between the reviewers. Strong evidence was identified for 3 major categories of effective HEP adherence strategies, 1) providing patient with written summary of HEP; 2) asking patient to maintain a record of HEP and symptoms; and 3) providing tele-rehabilitation in form of email and/or telephone support along with in person treatment sessions. Also, based on strong evidence, computerized technology was not found to be superior to other strategies for improving patients' HEP adherence in VR. Conclusions: The effective strategies for improving HEP in VR include written summary of exercise, maintenance of log of HEP and symptoms and tele-rehabilitation along with in person treatment sessions.