• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제70권3호
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• pp.247-250
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• 2011

The pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza outbreak coincided with the typical Scrub typhus season, which can lead to diagnostic difficulties due to their similar and non-specific symptoms. Here we describe a case of laboratory confirmed co-infection of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza and Scrub typhus and discuss the difficulties in distinguishing the two illnesses clinically.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.149-156
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• 2012

목 적 : 소아청소년을 대상으로 2010-2011 인플루엔자 백신의 야외 효능을 확인하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2010년 9월에서 2011년 2월까지 소아 청소년을 대상으로 서울 경기지역의 7개 병원과 1개 초등학교에서 인플루엔자 백신을 접종한 시험군과 접종하지 않은 대조군을 모집하였다. 급성 발열성 호흡기 질환 증상이 있을시 임상시험기관에 방문하도록 하여 검체를 채취하여 감염여부를 확인하였다. 결 과 : 시험 군 407명 중 3명(0.74%)에서 3건의 신종 H1N1 인플루엔자 바이러스가 검출되었고, 대조군 230명 중 10명(4.35%)에서 12건을 검출하여 9명(3.91%)에서 9건의 신종 H1N1, 3명(1.30%)에서 3건의 H3N2 인플루엔자 바이러스를 검출하였다. 시험군에서의 인플루엔자 발생률은 0.74%, 대조군에서 4.35%였다. 백신의 야외 효능은 83.2%였다. 결 론 : 소아청소년을 대상으로 2010-2011년 인플루엔자 백신의 야외효능은 우수하였음을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.449-454
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• 2011

The infection of pandemic influenza viruses such as swine flu (H1N1) and avian flu viruses to the host cells is related to the following two factors: First, the surface protein such as HA (hemagglutinin) and NA (neuraminidase) of the influenza virus. Second, the specific structure of the oligosaccharide [sialic acid(${\alpha}2$-6) galactose(${\beta}1$-4)glucose or sialic acid(${\alpha}2$-3)galactose(${\beta}1$-4)glucose] on the host cell. After recognizing the specific structure of the oligosaccharide on the surface of host cells by the surface protein of the influenza virus, the influenza virus can secrete sialidase and cleave the sialic acid attached on the final position of the specific structure of the oligosaccharide on the surface of host cells. Tamiflu (oseltamivir), known as a remedy of swine flu, has a saccharide analog structure, especially the sialic acid analog. Tamiflu can inhibit the invasion of influenza viruses (swine flu and avian flu viruses) into the host cells by competition with sialic acid on the terminal position of the specific oligosaccharide on the surface of the host cell. Because of the emergence of Tamiflu resistance, the development of new potent anti-influenza inhibitors is needed. The inhibitors with positive-charge groups have potential as antiviral therapeutics, and the strain specificity must also be resolved.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.271-281
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• 2003

Virulent and avirulent H5N1 viruses were inoculated intranasally to BALB/c and immunodeficient mice, and compared the pathogenesis by histology and immunohistochemistry. All of mice infected with virulent virus died by systemic infection at 6 to 7 days postinfection (PI). BALB/c mice infected with avirulent virus survived from the infection, whereas immunodeficient mice showed nervous symptoms in addition to respiratory disease and died at 13 days PI. Viral positive antigens was detected from multiple organs including central nervous system in immunodeficient mice infected with avirulent virus. These results suggest that avirulent H5N1 influenza virus can aquire the multiple tissue tropism under immunosuppresed condition and host immune system is a important factor to protect the development of disease.

• BMB Reports
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• 제45권11호
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• pp.653-658
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• 2012

After the outbreak of the swine-origin influenza A H1N1 virus in April 2009, World Health Organization declared this novel H1N1 virus as the first pandemic influenza virus (2009 pH1N1) of the $21^{st}$ century. To elucidate the characteristics of 2009 pH1N1, the growth properties of A/Korea/01/09 (K/09) was analyzed in cells. Interestingly, the maximal titer of K/09 was higher than that of a seasonal H1N1 virus isolated in Korea 2008 (S/08) though the RNP complex of K/09 was less competent than that of S/08. In addition, the NS1 protein of K/09 was determined as a weak interferon antagonist as compared to that of S/08. Thus, in order to confine genetic determinants of K/09, activities of two major surface glycoproteins were analyzed. Interestingly, K/09 possesses highly reactive NA proteins and weak HA cell-binding avidity. These findings suggest that the surface glycoproteins might be a key factor in the features of 2009 pH1N1.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.113-119
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• 2023

Descurainia sophia seeds methanol extract showed significant anti-influenza activity and we tried to isolate anti-influenza compounds from the D. sophia extract. D. sophia seeds were extracted with 80% methanol and fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, CHCl₃ and n-butanol. The anti-influenza activity of each fraction was assessed using sulforhodamine B (SRB) method in A549 cells, human-derived lung cancer cells. The ethyl acetate and CHCl₃ fractions showed the most potent anti-influenza activity. Seven compounds were isolated from CHCl₃ fraction and identified 1-decanol (1), 2-(3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylenebutoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (2), daucosterol (3), isorhamnetin (4), quercetin (5), sinapic acid (6), and helveticoside (7) by spectroscopic data such as UV, IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and mass spectroscopy. Anti-influenza activities of isolated compounds were evaluated using SRB method in A549 cells. Compounds 3, 4 and 7 had significant anti-influenza activity in a dose-dependent manner.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2003

호흡기 바이러스 분리 및 항원분석을 통하여 미래의 백신개발 및 항원 분석을 위한 역학적 자료를 제공하고자 2000~2001년 사이의 급성 호흡기 감염증 환자를 대상으로 호흡기 바이러스를 분리하여 그 특성을 조사하였다. 2000년도에 분리된 바이러스는 충 43주로서, 이 중 39주의 인플루엔자바이러스가 분리되었으며, A형이 23주, B형이 16주 관찰되었으며, 또한 아데노바이러스가 4주 관찰되었다. 그리고 2001년도에는 총 56주의 바이러스가 분리되었는데, 이는 모두 인플루엔자 바이러스로 확인되었다. 분리된 인플루엔자 바이러스의 주요항원별 특징으로는 A/Sydney/05/97(H3N2)-like, A/Beijing/262/95(H1N1)-like, 및 B/Harbin07/94-like가 2000년에, A/Panama/253/99(H3N2)-like 및 A/Newcaledonia/2007/99(H1N1)-like가 2001년에 분리되었으며, 아데노바이러스는 1, 2, 5형의 혈청형이 발견되었다. 분리된 바이러스의 성별 발생분포는 2000년에 남성환자 14명(32.56%), 여성 환자 23명(67.44%), 2001년에 남성환자 23명(41.07%), 여성환자33명(58.93%)이 발생하여 2000년과 2001년 모두 여성환자의 발생율이 비교적 높게 나타났다. 연령별 발생분포는 2000년에는 0-1세 사이에서 48.84%로 대부분을 차지하였으나, 2001년에는 l1∼20세 사이에서 33.93%로 비교적 높은 발생율을 나타내었으며, 그 외 연령별로는 비슷한 발생율을 나타내었다. 월별 발생분포는 2000년에는 1월에 한차례 높았다가 다시 4월에 다소 높은 발병율을 나타내었으며, 6월까지 낮은 비율이지만 다양한 바이러스가 출현하였다. 반면 2001년에는 2월과 3월에 집중적으로 발생하였으며 H3N2가 강력한 발병율은 나타내면서 주로 이른봄에 발생하였다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.403-410
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was to identify the current status of vaccination against the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus among university students from the fields of nursing and allied health from a local community and verify factors influencing vaccination. Methods: The study included 227 students in the fields of nursing and allied health from a provincial university. Data were obtained from these participants between May 31 and June 11, 2010 by using self-report questionnaires. Results: The rate of vaccination against the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus for these participants was 14.5%. No difference was observed in this regard between majors and school year. Factors that influence vaccination against this virus included previous vaccination against seasonal influenza and participants’ attitudes toward general vaccination. Conclusion: The results suggest that for effective pandemic (H1N1) 2009 vaccination of university students from the fields of nursing and allied health, students who have not been vaccinated should be intensively managed. Developing a vaccination program that encourages a positive attitude toward vaccination is recommended.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1500-1505
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• 2010

The novel swine-origin influenza A/H1N1 virus (S-OIV) first detected in April 2009 has been identified to transmit from humans to humans directly and is the cause of the currently emerged pandemic. In this study, nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of the S-OIV and other influenza A viruses were analyzed through bioinformatic tools for phylogenetic analysis, genetic recombination, and point mutation to investigate the emergence and adaptation of the S-OIV in humans. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the HA comes from triple reassortant influenza A/H1N2 and the NA from Eurasian swine influenza A/H1N1, indicating that HA and NA descend from different lineages during the genesis of the S-OIV. Recombination analysis ified the possibility of occurrence of recombination in HA and NA, denoting the role of reassortment in the outbreak. Several conservative mutations were observed in the amino acid sequences of the HA and NA, and these mutated residues were identical in the S-OIV. The results reported herein suggest the notion that the recent pandemic is the result of reassortment of different genes from different lineages of two envelope proteins, HA and NA, which are responsible for the antigenic activity of the virus. This study further suggests that the adaptive capability of the S-OIV in humans is acquired by the unique mutations generated during emergence.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.104-110
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• 2011

Korean red ginseng (RG), which is a ginseng treated by heating and steaming, has biological activity similar to Panax ginseng. The effect of ginseng on influenza infection has not been studied although it is known to have a broad range of biological activities. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of RG extract on influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. We investigated the inhibitory effect of RG extract on plaque formation by influenza A virus in a cell-based plaque assay, and the effect of orally administered RG on influenza A virus infection in mice. RG extract, which was applied at a non-cytotoxic concentration, inhibited plaque formation by influenza A virus in the cell-based plaque assay. The orally administered RG extract ameliorated body weight loss and significantly increased survival in mice infected with influenza A virus. Our results suggest that RG extract has components that reduce the severity of infection by influenza A virus and could potentially be used as a complement to treatment of influenza A virus infections.