• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.106-116
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to investigate available extraction capacity and potential mobility of heavy metal according to the distribution property and contamination level of heavy metals in soils and to suggest a reform measure of soil environment assessment methodology applied with soil quality and the official soil heavy metal test methods in domestic and foreign countries. The soils were collected from the natural forest paddy with long-term application of same type fertilizer, and paddies near metal mine and industrial complex. The post-treatment methods of soil were partial extraction, acid digestion and sequential extraction methods. For the heavy metal contents with different soil properties, it was shown that their natural forest and paddy soil were slightly low and similar to the general paddy soil, while their paddies near metal mine and industrial complex were higher than the standard level of Soil Environment Protection Act. Heavy metal concentrations in the soils with different soil properties had difference between $HNO_3\;and\;HNO_3+HCl$ extractant by US-EPA 3051a method. There were highly significant positive relationships in both two methods. It was appeared that the higher extractable concentration ratio with 0.1N-HCl to total heavy metal content with $HNO_3+HCl$ extractant the greater total heavy metal content. There were highly significant positive correlationship between total heavy metal content and extractable content with 0.1N-HCl. For extractable capacity of soil extractable solution compared to the total heavy metal content it was appeared that it extractable method with 0.1N-HCl was higher than those with EDTA and DTPA. In extractable ratio with 0.1N-HCl in the contaminated paddy soils near mine and industrial complex, it was shown that the lower soil pH, the higher total heavy metal content. The order of a potential mobility coefficient by distribution of heavy metal content with ie different typies in the soil was Cd>Ni>Zn>Cu>Pb. It could be known that contamination characteristics of heavy metals with different types of soils were affected by different heavy metal components, contamination degree and soil chemical properties, and heavy metal concentration with different extractable methods had great variations with adjacent environment. To be compared with assessment methodology of soil environment impact at domestic and foreign countries with our results, it might be considered that there was necessary to make a single analysis method based on total heavy metal content with environmental overloading concept because of various analysis methods for total heavy metal content and present analysis method with great variation according to soil environment. In spite of showing higher concentration of heavy metal with acidic digestion than the extractable method, it might be considered that there is need to be adjusted the national standard of soil heavy metal contamination.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.399-405
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• 2020

최근 이상 기후 및 노동력 문제를 해결하기 위하여 재배 환경의 정밀 제어가 가능한 식물공장형육묘시스템을 이용한 균일한 묘소질의 접수 및 대목 생산과 접목 로봇의 작업성 향상을 연계시키는 규격묘 생산 자동화시스템 구축의 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 식물공장형육묘시스템에서 저면관수 시 오이와 토마토 접수 및 대목의 관수 시기 및 관수량 등 관수 계획 수립을 위해 광량에 따른 증발산량과 묘소질을 조사하였다. 저면 관수 시 연속 중량 측정이 가능하도록 행잉형 로드셀을 설치하고 육안으로 초기 위조가 시작되는 시점을 확인하여 관수 개시 시점을 배지수분함량 50% 이상으로 설정하였다. 오이 접수 및 대목의 관수 시기는 파종 후 7일 및 6일이었고, 토마토 접수 및 대목의 관수 시기는 강광(300 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) 처리구 기준으로, 파종 후 5, 8, 11, 13일이었다. 오이와 토마토 모두 광량 증가에 따라서 증발산 속도가 증가하였으며, 토마토에서 광량에 따른 증발산 속도 차이가 크게 나타났다. 오이와 토마토 묘의 생육은 광량이 증가할수록 촉진되었는데, 광량 증가는 하배축장의 신장을 억제시키고 경경을 증가시켰다. 오이 및 토마토 묘개체군의 누적 증발산량은 광량이 증가할수록 증가하였고, 개체당 일(24h) 증발산량과 광량은 1차 선형 형태로 높은 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 묘개체군의 연속 중량 측정을 통한 오이와 토마토 접수 및 대목의 증발산량 추정은 식물공장형육묘시스템의 정밀 관수 제어를 위한 관수 시기 및 관수량 결정을 위한 지표로 사용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.776-790
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• 2000

Every year the number of the elderly increases in Korea thanks to the improvemen of social and economical levels and the development of medicine. However, many problems such as insufficent care and the isolation of the elderly have been commonplace. This trend exists not only because of increased lifespan but also the changing social structure of the nuclear family. Accordingly, inspite of the development of medicine, geriatric diseases including circulatory diseases are increasing in proportion of elderly population, as well as the severity. Therefore, it is important to emphasize that health care programs provide the best possible health care and functional capacities in terms of healthy elderly lifestyles. Especially, the phenomena of aging and geriatric diseases taking place with the elderly naturally are affected by lifestyle and the drastic changes in exercise patterns. This study aims to improve geriatric health by introducing a rhythmic movement program for the elderly to estabilish a health-promoting self-care system and by developing quality of life, perceived health status, their physical and physiological functions and emotional state. The theoretical framework used in this dissertation is derived from the Health-Promoting Self-Care System Model (Simmons, 1990), which integrates the Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (Orem, 1985), the interaction model of Client Health Behavior (Cox, 1982) and the Health Promotion Model (Pender, 1987). As a quasi-experimental design, the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design is utilized for this study. The subjects of this study consist of 64 people, over 65 years old who live in 2 nursing homes for the aged located in S city , Kyong-gi province and volunteered for this study from July, 12, 1999 to September, 17, 1999. They are divided into two groups：33 in the experimental group and 31 in the control group. The experimental group particpated in the Rhythmic Movement Program at the nursing home, which was comprised of 45 minutes a session, 5 sessions a week during 9 weeks. In order to measure the results of the Rhythmic Movement Program, aspects of perceived health status, balance, flexibility, grip strength, leg strength, heart rate, blood pressure, depression, anxiety and the quality of life were measured before and after participating in the Rhythimic Movement Program for the experimental group after 9 weeks, as well as the control group. The collected data were processed by SPSS PC+ and analyzed by the X2 test, t-test, ANCOVA and the Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The perceived health status conditions in the experimental group show statistically significant improvement when compared to the control group (F=17.51, p=.000). 2. The physical and physiological functions, that is, balance (F=17.51, p=.000), flexibility (F=8.01, p=.006), grip strength (F=3.21, p=.018) and leg strength (F=25.78, p=.000) in the experimental group are higher than the control group. The vital signs, that is, the number of heart rate (F=.022, p=.884), systolic pressure (F=1.73 p=.193), and diastolic pressure (F=2.74, p=.103) in the experimental group compared to the control group decreased, but doesn't show statistically significant differences. Immune responses (F=5.13, p=.003) showed statistically significant increases in the experimental group when compared to the control group. 3. The emotional state are improved, that is, degree of depression (F=11.56, p=.001) and degree of anxiety (F=9.14, p=.004) in the experimental group showed statistically significant decreases. 4. The quality of life in the experimental group (F=3.03, p=.037) showed statistically significant differences compared to the control group. 5. The observations of the relationships among the perceived health status, emotional state , the quality of life, the relationships between the perceived health status, the degree of depression (r=-.653, p=.000) and the degree of anxiety (r=-.786, p=.000) were in contrary propotions, while the relationships between the perceived health status and the quality of life (r=.234, p=.008) were in direct propotion. In conclusion, the Rhythmic Movement Program used in this study for geriatric nursing care is simple and safe for application to the elderly and shows significant effects by implementing 5 sessions a week for 9 weeks. The Rhythmic Movement Program improves the quality of life, maintains as well as improves the physical and physiological fuctions and emotional state, therefore this program is strongly recommended for positive applications for independant geriatric nursing health care.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.585-598
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• 1997

Background : Although there are growing concerns about the adverse health effect of air pollution, not much evidence on health effect of current air pollution level had been accumulated yet in Korea. This study was designed to evaluate the chronic health effect of ai. pollution using Korean Medical Insurance Corporation (KMIC) data and air quality data. Medical insurance data in Korea have some drawback in accuracy, but they do have some strength especially in their national coverage, in having unified ID system and individual information which enables various data linkage and chronic health effect study. Method : This study utilized the data of Korean Environmental Surveillance System Study (Surveillance Study), which consist of asthma, acute bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), cardiovascular diseases (congestive heart failure and ischemic heart disease), all cancers, accidents and congenital anomaly, i. e., mainly potential environmental diseases. We reconstructed a nested case-control study wit5h Surveillance Study data and air pollution data in Korea. Among 1,037,210 insured who completed? questionnaire and physical examination in 1992, disease free (for chronic respiratory disease and cancer) persons, between the age of 35-64 with smoking status information were selected to reconstruct cohort of 564,991 persons. The cohort was followed-up to 1995 (1992-5) and the subjects who had the diseases in Surveillance Study were selected. Finally, the patients, with address information and available air pollution data, left to be 'final subjects' Cases were defined to all lung cancer cases (424) and COPD admission cases (89), while control groups are determined to all other patients than two case groups among 'final subjects'. That is, cases are putative chronic environmental diseases, while controls are mainly acute environmental diseases. for exposure, Air quality data in 73 monitoring sites between 1991 - 1993 were analyzed to surrogate air pollution exposure level of located areas (58 areas). Five major air pollutants data, TSP, $O_3,\;SO_2$, CO, NOx was available and the area means were applied to the residents of the local area. 3-year arithmetic mean value, the counts of days violating both long-term and shot-term standards during the period were used as indices of exposure. Multiple logistic regression model was applied. All analyses were performed adjusting for current and past smoking history, age, gender. Results : Plain arithmetic means of pollutants level did not succeed in revealing any relation to the risk of lung cancer or COPD, while the cumulative counts of non-at-tainment days did. All pollutants indices failed to show significant positive findings with COPD excess. Lung cancer risks were significantly and consistently associated with the increase of $O_3$ and CO exceedance counts (to corrected error level -0.017) and less strongly and consistently with $SO_2$ and TSP. $SO_2$ and TSP showed weaker and less consistent relationship. $O_3$ and CO were estimated to increase the risks of lung cancer by 2.04 and 1.46 respectively, the maximal probable risks, derived from comparing more polluted area (95%) with cleaner area (5%). Conclusions : Although not decisive due to potential misclassication of exposure, these results wert drawn by relatively conservative interpretation, and could be used as an evidence of chronic health effect especially for lung cancer. $O_3$ might be a candidate for promoter of lung cancer, while CO should be considered as surrogated measure of motor vehicle emissions. The control selection in this study could have been less appropriate for COPD, and further evaluation with another setting might be necessary.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.29-38
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• 1983

1. 바랭이의 분벽수(分蘗數)와 총건물중(總乾物重)은 이식시기(移植時期)에 따라 크게 영향(影響)을 받았는데 이식시기(移植時期)가 가장 빠른 4월 1일에 심은 것은 7월 22일에 이식(移植)한 것에 비(比)해 3.5배(倍)에 달하는 건물중(乾物重)을 생산(生産)하였으며, 이식시기(移植時期)가 빠를수록 분벽수(分蘗數)와 총건물중(總乾物重)이 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 출수(出穗)는 4월 1일 이식(移植)한 것은 7월 8일에 7월 22일 이식(移植)한 것은 9월 8일에 출수(出穗)되어서 이식시기(移植時期)가 이를수록 빨라졌으며, 파종(播種)에서 출수(出穗)까지 걸리는 시간(時間)은 이식시기(移植時期)가 늦어짐에 따라 점차로 짧은 경향(傾向)을 나타내었으며, 공(共)히 한포기 내에서 불규칙적(不規則的) 출수현상(出穗現狀)을 보였다. 2. 바랭이의 개체당(個體當) 분벽수(分蘗數)는 재식밀도(栽植密度)가 증가(增加)함에 따라 현저(顯著)히 감소(減少)하였으며, Pot당(當) 1포기 심은 것이 5~40 포기 심은 것보다 크게 增加(增加)하는 경향(傾向)을 나타내었다. 그러나 Pot당(當) 분벽수(分蘗數)는 40 포기 심은 구(區)에서 가장 많기는 하였으나 재식밀도(栽植密度)에 따라 큰차이(差異)는 없었다. 개체당(個體當) 건물중(乾物重)은 재식밀도(栽植密度)가 적을수록 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)이었으며, Pot당(當) 건물중생산(乾物重生産)은 재식밀도(栽植密度)에 관계(關係)없이 거의 비슷하여 밀도(密度)가 증가(增加)됨에 따라 심한 종내(種內) 경합(競合) 현상(現狀)을 나타내었다. 3. 바랭이와 대두(大豆)의 경합(競合)에 있어서 대두(大豆)의 전생육기간(全生育期間)동안 경합(競合)할 경우(境遇) 대두(大豆)의 수량(收量)이 59.6%나 감소(減少)하였으며 대두(大豆)의 수량감소(收量減少)를 막기 위해서는 파종후(播種後) 적어도 3 내지 4주(週), 즉 태두(太豆)의 canopy 형성(形成)이 바랭이의 발아(發芽)와 생육(生育)을 억제(抑制)시킬 수 있는 시기(時期)까지 발생(發生)하는 바랭이는 방제(防除)하여야 될 것으로 사료(思料)된다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1052-1057
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 오존분해 된 슬러지를 인 방출을 위한 외부 탄소원으로 사용하기 적절한지 평가하기 위하여 오존 주입량 변화에 따라 오존분해된 슬러지의 성상변화와 함께 인 방출 실험 및 VFA(Volatile Fatty Acid) 생성량을 살펴보았다. 슬러지를 오존 주입량 0.5 g $O_3/g$ SS로 분해했을 경우 TCOD(Total Chemical Oxygen Demand)와 TSS(Total Suspended Solid)는 오존분해 전 7050, 4900 mg/L에서 5850, 2867 mg/L로 각각 17, 41% 감소하였다. 또한, pH는 6.6에서 3.8로 감소하였고, SCOD(Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand)는 38.7 mg/L에서 2760 mg/L로 약 70배 증가함을 보였다. 오존 분해에 의해 acetic acid와 같은 VFA도 새로이 생성됨을 확인하였다. Acetic acid의 경우 0.05 g $O_3/g$ SS로 분해된 슬러지에서 50.24 mg/L가 생성되었으며, 0.5 g $O_3/g$ SS로 분해된 슬러지의 경우는 123.56 mg/L로 증가되었다. 그러나 혐기성 소화에 의한 VFA의 증가량은 0.05 g $O_3/g$ SS로 분해된 슬러지에서 Acetic acid가 50.24 mg/L에서 219.28 mg/L로 가장 많이 증가되었다. 또한 낮은 오존 주입량(0.05, 01 g $O_3/g$ SS)으로 분해된 슬러지에서 관찰되지 않았던 Propionic acid는 46 mg/L가 새로이 증가하였다. 그 외 혐기성 소화로 인해 n-Butyric Acid, Propionic Acid, n-Butyric Acid, Isovaleric Acid, Valleric Acid의 농도도 증가하였다. 오존 주입량에 따라 SCOD, VFA의 농도는 증가하지만 인 방출 속도 및 경제성을 고려하여 적정 오존 주입 농도는 0.05-0.1 g $O_3/g$ SS로 조사되었다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.936-944
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• 1996

연구배경: 식세포인 호중구나 단핵세포는 생체 외실험에 사용하기 위한 세포분리법인 플라스틱 표면부착만으로도 세포활성화가 일어나 이후의 실험결과에 영향을 주고 이 과정에 염증반응과 관련된 물질의 유전자 전사 및 부착분자가 연관되어 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 폐의 주된 면역세포인 폐포대식세포도 대부분 플라스틱 표면부착에 의해 세포를 분리하므로 사람의 폐포대식세포가 표면부착 자체에 의해 활성화되고 여기에 염증관련 유전자 및 부착분자가 관여하는지를 알아보기 위해 연구를 시행하였다. 방법: 적어도 한 쪽 폐가 정상인 사람에서 기관지폐포세척술을 통해 얻은 폐포대식세포를 대상으로 표면부착이 미치는 영향을 얄아보기 위해 부유상태와 부착상태에서 각각 시간에 따른 lL-8, SOD 및 CD11/CD18 mRNA 발현을 Northern blot analysis로 분석하였고 PMA와 fMLP로 추가 자극했을 경우 차이를 보이는지 알아 보았다. 결과: 1) 플라스틱 표면에 부착시킨 폐포대식세포는 염증 또는 면역에 관계되는 IL-8 mRNA 및 SOD mRNA의 발현이 부착시간 정과에 따라 증가하여 부착 8시간후에 최대로 나타났으나 CD18 mRNA 발현은 부착에 의해 증가되지 않았다. 2) 이런 mRNA의 증가는 PMA에 의해서는 부착여부와 관계없이 유도되었지만 fMLP에 의해서는 부착된 세포에서만 유도되었다. 결론: 이상의 결과로 플라스틱 표면부착에 의해 폐포대식세포에서 염증매개성 물질의 유전자발현이 증가되며 이는 표면부착에 의한 세포 활성화와 관계가 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.657-668
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• 2000

본 연구는 골격성 III급 부정교합 환자에서 상악골 전방이동 수술 후 야기되는 코의 형태변화에 대해 연구하고 이를 예측할 수 있는 요소를 찾아 교정-악교정 수술 복합 치료계획의 수립과 결과의 예측에 이용하고자 시행되었다. 부산대학교병원 치과진료처 교정과에 내원하여 골격성 III급 부정교합으로 진단되어 술전 교정치료를 받고 Le Fort I 골절단술로 상악골의 전방 이동시키는 동시에 하악골을 후방 이동시킨 남녀 성인 환자 25명을 대상으로 하였다. 이들의 수술전, 후 측모두부규격방사선사진과 정모 및 측모 안면사진을 계측, 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 상악골 전방이동에 따른 비첨의 수직적 위치 변화는 상관성이 높았으며 ANt, SNt에서 A point의 전방이동에 의해 ${\beta}_0$는 각각 0.228, 0.257로 나타났다. 2. 상악골 전방이동에 따른 비첨의 수평적 위치변화는 상관성이 높았으며 ANt, SNt, Sn point에서 A point의 전방이류에 의해 ${\beta}_0$는 각각 0.484, 0.431, 0.806으로 나타났다. 3. 상악골의 전방이동에 따른 비익부의 확장정도는A point의 전방이동에 의해 0.002의 ${\beta}_0$를 나타내었으나, 임상적으로 유의한 변화는 없었다. 4. 수술 후 비첨의 수직적 및 전후방적 위치변화를 예측하는 지표로 사용된 ADV, DRI, Prominence of nose, Pre-Op CA 중 ADV 만이 설명변수로서 유의성이 있었다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.61-79
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• 1995

When children are admitted to hospital, they have to adapt to new and unfamiliar stimuli. Children may respond with fear to stimuli such as pain or unfamiliar experiences. One goal of nursing is to help hospitalized children to adapt effectively to their hospital experience. Accordingly, nurses need to assess childrens' fears of their hospital experience to contribute to the planning of care to alleviate these fears. The problem addressed by this study was to identify and measure hospital-related fears(hereafter called HRF) in hospitalized school-aged children. The study was conceptualized with Roy's model. A descriptive qualitative approach was used first, followed by a quantitative approach. This study was conducted from November 30, 1989 to January 12, 1991. The sample consisted of 395 hospitalized school-aged children selected through an allocated sampling technique in nine general hospitals. The HRF questionnaire (three point likert scale ) was developed by a delphi technique. The data were analyzed by an SAS program. Factor analysis was used for the examination of component factors. Differences in the HRF related to demographic variables were examined by t-test, analysis of variance and the Scheffe test. The crude scores of the HRF scale were transformed into T- scores to calculate the standard scores. The results included the following : 1. Forty-four items were derived from 188 statements identifying the childrens' hospital-re-lated fears. These items clustered into 14 factors, fear of injections, operations, bodily harm others' pain, medical rounds, physical examinations, medical staff, disease process, blood and X-rays, drugs and cockroaches, tests, harsh discipline from parents or staff, being absent from school, and separation from family. The 14 factors was classified into four categories,'pain','the unfamiliar','the un-known' and 'separation'. 2. The reliability of the HRF instruments was .92(Cronbach's alpha). In the factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the 14 factors ranged from .84 to .86 and Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the four categories ranged from .70 to .84. Pearson correlation coefficient scores for relationships among the 14 factors ranged from ,11 to .50, and among the four categories, from ,44 to ,63, indicating their relative independence. 3. The total group HRF score ranged from 45 to 130 in a possible range of H to 132, with a mean of 74.51. The fears identified by the children were, in order, injections, harsh discipline by parents or staff, bodily harm, operations, medical staff, disease process, and medical rounds ; the least feared was others' pain. The fear item with the highest mean score was surgery and the lowest was examination by a doctor. HRF scores were higher for girls than for boys, and for grade 1 students than for grade 6 students. HRF scores were lower for children whose fathers were over 40 than for those whose fathers were in the 30 to 39 age group, and whose mothers were over 35 than for those whose mothers were in the 20 to 34 age group. HRF scores were lower when the mother rather than any other person stayed with the child. The expressed fear of pain, the unfamiliar, the un-known and of separation directs nurses' concern to the threat felt by hospitalized children to their concept of self. This study contributes to the assessment of fears of hospitalized children and of stimuli impinging on those fears. Accordingly, nursing practice will be directed to the alleviation of pain, pre-admission orientation to the hospital setting and routines, initiation of information about procedures and experiences and arrangments for mothers to stay with their children. Recommendations were made for further research in different settings and for development and testing of the instrument.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.269-277
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 흰망태버섯의 자실체에서 메탄올과 열수를 이용해 추출한 물질의 항산화 및 항염증 효과를 탐색하였다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능, 환원력 및 철 이온제거능을 이용해 항산화 효과를 측정한 결과 양성대조군으로 사용한 BHT나 토코페롤에 비해 낮았지만 다른 종류의 버섯에 비해 효과가 우수한 것을 확인하였다. 철 이온을 제거하는 항산화 실험에서 흰망태버섯의 메탄올 추출물의 효과는 양성대조군인 BHT나 토코페롤에 비해 월등하게 높아서 흰망태버섯 자실체의 추출물은 높은 항산화 효과를 지닌 것으로 나타났다. 흰망태버섯의 염증저해 효과 실험에서는 배양 중인 RAW 264.7 대식세포에 흰망태버섯 자실체의 메탄올 및 열수추출물을 각각 전 처리 한 후 염증매개 물질인 LPS를 투여하여 추출물의 NO 생성 저해효과를 조사하였다. 실험 결과, 처리한 추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 생성된 NO의 양이 현저하게 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한 흰망태버섯의 추출물이 carrageenan에 의해 흰쥐의 뒷발에 유도된 부종 저해 실험에서는 투여한 추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 흰쥐의 뒷발에 유도된 부종의 용적도 농도 의존적으로 감소되었다. 따라서 흰망태버섯의 자실체에 함유된 물질은 항산화 및 소염증제로 이용이 가능하다고 사료되었다.