• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.160-164
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• 2002

The water extract of Sophorae radix was tested for its preventive effects against cardiovascular anaphylaxis elicited in experimental animals. H₂O and ethyl acetate fractionation of Sophorae radix water extract improved anaphylactic cardiac dysfunction in passively sensitized isolated guinea hearts: improvement was noted in the maximal contractile force, post-challenge contractile force, post-challenge coronary flow and creatine kinase change elevation. These results suggest that H₂O and ethyl acute fractionation of Sophorae radix water extract possesses anti-anaphylactic effect in cardiovascular system.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.383-388
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• 2013

This study was performed to determine the whitening effect of several solvent fractions of Diospyros kaki extracts. Fractions from ethanol extracts of D. kaki were prepared by a systematic fractionation procedure using hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and $H_2O$. The ethyl acetate fractions were used to evaluate the inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. Ethyl acetate fractions suppressed the expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2 in B16F10 melanoma cells. These results showed that ethyl acetate fractions of D. kaki could be developed as a skin whitening material in cosmetics.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1214-1218
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• 2011

We investigated the fruits of Rubus crataegifolius Bge, a plant which has been traditionally used in Korea in phytotherapy, to describe antioxidant materials from plant sources. R. crataegifolius fruits were extracted with methanol and further fractionated into n-hexane, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate. The antioxidant activity of each fraction and the residue was assessed using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), $H_2O_2$ radical scavenging method, and their cytotoxicity on human primary kerationcyte (HK) was determined by an MTS assay. The R. crataegifolius fruit methanol extract showed strong antioxidant activity (75.04%, 50%) compared with vitamin C (79.9%, 54.1%) by the DPPH, and $H_2O_2$ method, respectively. The measured activity from the subsequent extracts of the methanol extract were 20.3% for n-hexane fraction (HF), 68.8% for diethyl ether fraction (DF), 67.1% for ethyl acetate fraction (EF), and 67.1% for the residue fraction (RE) by DPPH and 2.2% for HF, 1.6% for DF, 10% for EF, and 50% for the RE by $H_2O_2$ assay. An oxidative stress model of HK was established under a suitable concentration (1 mM). The cell viability of the RE treated group increased and the percentage of apoptotic cells decreased at concentrations of 0.005-0.02% RE compared with the $H_2O_2$ treated group. Fruit extracts of the medicinal plant R. crataegifolius showed potent antioxidant activity and the ability to relieve cell damage from $H_2O_2$ induced injury to HK.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.137-142
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant activities of isolated compounds from the shoot of Aralia elata. Methods : The methanol extract from the shoot of Aralia elata was fractionated into ethyl acetate, n-BuOH and $H_2O$ layers through solvent fractionation. Repeated silica gel, ODS column chromatography of n-BuOH layer afforded four flavonol glycosides. Their antioxidant activity was determined by measuring free radical scavenging activity by DPPH, ABTS and superoxide dismutase (SOD) like activity assay. Results : They were identified as quercetin 3,7-di-O-$\alpha$-rhamnopyranoside (1), quercetin 3-O-$\beta$-D-galactoside-7-O-$\alpha$-L-rhamnoside (2), kaempferol 3-O-$\beta$-glucosyl($1{\rightarrow}2$)-$\alpha$-rhamnoside-7-O-$\alpha$-rhamnoside (3) and quercetin 3-O-$\beta$-glucosyl($1{\rightarrow}2$)-$\alpha$-rhamnoside-7-O-$\beta$-rhamnoside (4) on the basis of spectroscopic data. The result showed that 1 is the most active compound in the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging test. Conclusions : Isolated Compounds from the shoot of Aralia elata showed anti-oxidative effect.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1037-1041
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• 2005

Geranium (Pelargonium inquinans Ait) leaves were extracted with $80\%$ MeOH, and partitioned into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, BuOH and $H_2O$ to isolate the anticoagulant principles. The EtOAc fraction was found to be the most active, and was further purified using silica and octadecylisilane column chromatography employing a bioassay-guided fractionation method. The active compound was isolated and identified as $1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl-\beta-D-glucopyranose$(PGG) (compound I). The isolated anticoagulant significantly prolonged the activated partial thrombin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) using normal human plasma. One microgram of $1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl-\beta-D-glucopyranose$ showed 0.063 heparin units in the APTT and 2.73 heparin units in the TT for anti-thrombosis. This is the first report of the isolation of PGG from geranium plants.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.865-872
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• 2002

In the course of the investigations of natural antioxidants, we examined the antioxidant activities of the methanol (MeOH) extracts of some selected Prunus species, including P. buergeriana, P. davidiana, P padus, P. pendula for. ascendens, P. sargentii, P. serrulata var. spontanea and P. yedoensis by three methods as represented by the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, total ROS (reactive oxygen species) and the peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) scavenging activity tests. We also evaluated the activities of the organic solvent-soluble fractions, including the dichloromethane ($CH_2Cl_2$), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH) fractions and the water ($H_2O$) layer of P. serrulata var. spontanea leaves. By means of bioassay-directed fractionation, we isolated eleven known flavonoids (1-11) from the EtOAc soluble fraction of the MeOH extract of the Prunus serrulata var. spontanea leaves, exhibiting strong antioxidant activity and characterized as prunetin (1), genistein (2), quercetin (3), prunetin $4'-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (4), kaempferol $3-O-{\alpha}-arabinofuranoside$ (5), prunetin $5-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (6), kaempferol $3-O-{\beta}-xylopyranoside$ (7), genistin (8), kaempferol $3-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (9), quercetin $3-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (10) and kaempferol $3-O-{\beta}-xylopyranosyl-(1{\rightarrow}2)-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (11). Compounds 3 and 10 showed good activities in all tested model systems. Compounds 2 and 8 showed scavenging activities in the DPPH and $ONOO^-$ tests, while compounds 5, 7, 9 and 11 were active in the $ONOO^-$ and ROS tests. On the other hand, compounds 1, 4 and 6 did not show any activities in the tested model systems.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.390-395
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• 2004

The methanol extract obtained from the aerial parts of Aceriphyllum rossii (Saxifragaceae) was fractionated into ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-BuOH and $H_2O$ layers through solvent fractionation. Repeated silica gel column chromatography of EtOAc and n-BuOH layers afforded six flavonol glycosides. They were identified as kaempferol 3-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (astragalin, 1), quercetin 3-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (isoquercitrin, 2), kaempferol 3-O-$\alpha$-L-rhamnopyranosyl $(1{\to}6)-\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (3), quercetin 3-O$\alpha$-L-rharnnopyranosyl $(1{\to}6)-\beta$-D-qlucopyrano-side (rutin, 4), kaempferol 3-O-[$\alpha$-L-rharnnopyranosyl $(1{\to}4)-\alpha$-L-rhamnopyranosyl $(1{\to}6)-\beta$-D-glucopyranoside] (5) and quercetin 3-O-[$\alpha$-L-rhamnopyranosyl $(1{\to}4)\alpha$-L-rhamnopyranosyl $(1{\to}6)\beta$-D-glucopyranoside] (6) on the basis of several spectral data. The antioxidant activity of the six compounds was investigated using two free radicals such as the ABTS free radical and superoxide anion radical. Compound 1 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in the ABTS $\{2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)\}$ radical scavenging method. 100 mg/L of compound 1 was equivalent to $72.1\pm1.4\;mg/L$ of vitamin C, and those of compounds 3 and 5 were equivalent to $62.7\pm0.5\;mg/L$ and $54.3\pm1.3\;mg/L$ of vitamin C, respectively. And in the superoxide anion radical scavenging method, compound 5 exhibited the highest activity with an $IC_{50}$ value of $17.6{\pm}0.3{\mu}M$. In addition, some physical and spectral data of the flavonoids were confirmed.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.309-315
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• 2008

The methanol extract from the aerial parts of Aceriphyllum rossii was fractionated into ethyl acetate, n-BuOH and $H_2O$ layers through solvent fractionation. Repeated silica gel column chromatography of EtOAc and n-BuOH layers afforded five flavonol glycosides. They were identified as astragalin (1), kaempferol 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1${\rightarrow}$6)-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (2), rutin (3), kaempferol 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1${\rightarrow}$4)-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranosyl 1${\rightarrow}$6)-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (4), and quercetin 3-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1${\rightarrow}$4)-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1${\rightarrow}$6)-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (5) on the basis of spectroscopic data. All of them showed an inhibition in farnesyl protein tranferase (FPTase) activity, and rutin (3) inhibited the growth of rat H-ras cell and the cell migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.105-108
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• 2015

To establish the anti-diabetic(α-glucosidase inhibitory) activity of D. lotus leaf extract, isolate and identify the constituents responsible for the activity. The methanolic extract of leaves was partitioned between water, n-butanol and ethyl acetate. Bio-assay guided fractionation, based on inhibition of ;${\alpha}$-glucosidase, allowed isolation and identification of the active components. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry(LC/MS), ¹ H-NMR and ¹³ C-NMR spectra analyses demonstrated that the active compound was myricetin-3-O-;${\alpha}$-L-rhamnoside(1). Compound 1 demonstrated a strong inhibition on the α-glucosidase, in vitro and ;${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory value was calculated as 98.08%, when that of a reference drug, acarbose was estimated as 83.03%. The present study indicates compound 1 could be considered as an ;${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor and developed as an important antidiabetes agent for type II diabetes therapy.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.282-287
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of ginsenoside compositions in crude ginseng saponins prepared by five different methods including three new methods. Two known methods are hot methanol(MeOH) extraction/n-butanol(n-BuOH) fractionation and hot MeOH extraction/Diaion HP-20 adsorption/MeOH elution. Three new methods are hot MeOH extraction/cation AG 50W $absorption/H_2O$ elution/n-BuOH extraction, cool MeOH extraction/Diaion HP-20 adsorption/MeOH elution and direct extraction with ethyl acetate(EtOAc)/n-BuOH. Analysis of ginsenoside composition in the crude saponins by conventional HPLC/RI(Refractive Index) did not show great difference between methods except EtOAc/n-BuOH method. However, HPLC/ELSD (evaporative light scattering detector) employing gradient mobile phase afforded fine resolution of ginsenoside Rf, $Rg_1$ and $Rh_1$, and great difference of ginsenoside compositions between methods. LC/MS revealed that large amount of prosapogenins were produced during the pass through the cation exchange (AG 50W) column being strongly acidic. Six major ginsenosides such as $Rb_1,w;Rb_2,$ Rc, Rd, Re and $Rg_1$, 5 prosapogenins and one chikusetsusaponin were identified by LC/MS. A newly established HPLC method employing ODS column and gradient mobile phase of $KH_2PO_4/CH_3CN$ revealed that malonyl ginsenosides were detected only in the crude saponin obtained from cool MeOH extraction.