Anticoagulant 1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl-$\beta$-D-Glucopyranose Isolated from Geranium (Pelargonium inquinans Ait)

  • Ji Myeong-Sim (Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Piao Xiang-Lan (College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University) ;
  • Jin Yu-Lan (Department of Plant Protection, Laiyang Agricultural College) ;
  • Park Ro Dong (Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chonnam National University)
  • Published : 2005.09.01

Abstract

Geranium (Pelargonium inquinans Ait) leaves were extracted with $80\%$ MeOH, and partitioned into n-hexane, ethyl acetate, BuOH and $H_2O$ to isolate the anticoagulant principles. The EtOAc fraction was found to be the most active, and was further purified using silica and octadecylisilane column chromatography employing a bioassay-guided fractionation method. The active compound was isolated and identified as $1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl-\beta-D-glucopyranose$(PGG) (compound I). The isolated anticoagulant significantly prolonged the activated partial thrombin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT) using normal human plasma. One microgram of $1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl-\beta-D-glucopyranose$ showed 0.063 heparin units in the APTT and 2.73 heparin units in the TT for anti-thrombosis. This is the first report of the isolation of PGG from geranium plants.

Keywords

References

  1. Akdemir, Z. S., Tatli, I. I., Saracoglu, I., Ismailoglu, U. B., Calis, I., and Inci, S. E., Polyphenolic compounds from Geranium pratense and their free radical scavenging activities. Phytochemistry, 56, 189-193 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00367-8
  2. Araujo, A. L., Kamiguti, A., and Bon, C., Pharmacological characterization of the rat paw edema induced by Bothrops lanceolatus (Fer de lance) venom. Toxicology, 39, 371-375(2001)
  3. Asen, S. and Griesbach, R., High pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of flavonoids in Geranium florets as an adjunct for cultivar identification. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 108, 845-850 (1983)
  4. Barcellona, D., Contu, P., and Marongiu, F., Patient education and oral anticoagulant therapy. Haematologica, 87, 1081-1086 (2002)
  5. Bauman, S. J. and Church, F. C., Enhancement of heparin cofactor II anticoagulant activity. J. Biol. Chem., 274, 34556-34565 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.49.34556
  6. Chevolot, L., Foucault, A., Chaubet, F., Kervarec, N., Sinquin, C., Fisher, A. M., and Boisson-Vidal, C., Further data on the structure of brown seaweed fucans: Relationships with anticoagulant activity. Carbohydrate Res., 319, 154–165 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6215(99)00127-5
  7. Desai, U. R., Petitou, M., Bjork, I., and Olson, S. T., Mechanism of heparin activation of antithrombin. Role of individual residues of the pentasaccharide activating sequence in the recognition of native and activated states of antithrombin. J. Biol. Chem., 273, 7478-7487 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.13.7478
  8. Dismore, M. L., Haytowitz, D. B., Gebhardt, S. E., Peterson, J. W., and Booth, S. L., Vitamin K content of nuts and fruits in the US diet. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 103, 1650-1652 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2003.09.028
  9. Dong, H., Chen, S. X., Kini, R. M., and Xu, H. X., Effects of tannins from Geum japonicum on the catalytic activity of thrombin and factor Xa of blood coagulation cascade. J. Nat. Prod., 61,1356-1360 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1021/np9801458
  10. Farias, W. R., Valente, A P., Pereira, M. S., and Mourao, P. A., Structure and anticoagulant activity of sulfated galactans. Isolation of a unique sulfated galactan from the red algae Botryocladia occidentalis and comparison of its anticoagulant action with that of sulfated galactans from invertebrates. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 29299-29307 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M002422200
  11. Fenton, J. W., Leeches to hirulogs and other thrombin-directed antithrombotics. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North. Am., 6, 1121-1129 (1992)
  12. Greinacher, A., Volpel, H., Janssens, U., Hach-Wunderle, V., Kemkes-Metthes, B., Eichler, P., Mueller-Velten, H. G., and Potzsch, B., Recombinant hirudin (lepirudin) provides safe and effective anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: A prospective study. Circulation, 99, 73-80 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.99.1.73
  13. Guglielmone, H. A., Agnese, A. M., Nunez Montoya, S. C., and Cabrera, J. L., Anticoagulant effect and action mechanism of sulphated flavonoids from Flaveria bidentis. Thromb. Res., 105, 183-188 (2002) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-3848(01)00419-4
  14. Guo, J., Wang, S., Li, X., and Zhu, T., Studies on the antibacterial constituents of Geranium sibiricum L. Yaoxue Xuebao, 22, 28-32 (1987)
  15. Hayakawa, Y., Hayashi, T., Lee, J. B., Ozawa, T., and Sakuragawa, N., Activation of heparin cofactor II by calcium spirulan. J. Biol. Chem., 275, 11379-11382 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.15.11379
  16. Janciauskiene, S., Conformational properties of serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins) confer multiple pathophysiological roles. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1535, 221-235 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4439(01)00025-4
  17. Johnson, P. H., Hirudin: Clinical potential of a thrombin inhibitor. Annu. Rev. Med., 45, 165-177 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.45.1.165
  18. Kim, S. I. and Song, K. S., 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-$\beta$-Dglucopyranose, a prolylendopeptidase inhibitor from Moutan cortex. J. Kor. Soc. Agric. Chem. Biotechnol., 43, 158-161 (2000)
  19. Mann, K. G., Biochemistry and physiology of blood coagulation. Thromb. Haemost, 82, 165-174 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1615780
  20. Markwardt, F., The development of hirudin as an antithrombotic drug. Thromb. Res., 74, 1-23 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1016/0049-3848(94)90032-9
  21. Matsubara, K., Matsuura, Y., Bacic, A., Liao, M. L., Hori, K., and Miyazawa, K., Anticoagulant properties of a sulfated galactan preparation from a marine green alga, Codium cylindricum. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 28, 395-399 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-8130(01)00137-4
  22. Mauray, S., Sternberg, C., Theveniaux, J., Millet, J., Sinquin, C., Tapon-Bretaudiere, J., and Fischer, A. M., Venous antithrombotic and anticoagulant activities of a fucoidan fraction. Thramb. Haemost, 74, 1280-1285 (1995)
  23. Mourao, P. A., Pereira, M. S., Pavao, M. S., Mulloy, B., Tollefsen, D. M., Mowinckel, M. C., and Abildgaard, U., Structure and anticoagulant activity of a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from echinoderm. Sulfated fucose branches on the polysaccharide account for its high anticoagulant action. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 23973-23984 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.39.23973
  24. Plummer, J. S., Berryman, K. A., Cai, C., Dody, W. L., DiMaio, J., Doherty, A. M., Eaton, S., Edmunds, J. J., Holland, D. R., Lafleur, D., Levesque, S., Narasimhan, L. S., Rubin, J. R., Rapundalo, S. T., Siddiqui, M. A., Susser, A., St-Denis, Y., and Winocour, P., Potent and selective bicyclic lactam inhibitors of thrombin: Part 3: P1' modifications. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 9, 835-840 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-894X(99)00096-7
  25. Rand, M. D., Lock, J. B., van't Veer, C., Gaffney, D. P., and Mann, K. G, Blood clotting in minimally altered whole blood. Blood, 88, 3432-3445 (1996)
  26. Sugatani, J., Fukazawa, N., Ujihara, K., Yoshinari, K., Abe, I., Noguchi, H., and Miwa, M., Tea polyphenols inhibit acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetyltransferase (a key enzyme in platelet-activating factor biosynthesis) and platelet-activating factor-induced platelet aggregation. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 134, 17-28 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1159/000077529