• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.676-683
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• 2000

Background : Surgery may have a role when medical treatment alone is not successful in patients with multidrug resistant (MDR) pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). To document the role of resection in MDR PTB, we analyzed 4 years of our experience. Methods : A retrospective review was performed on thirteen patients that underwent pulmonary resection for MDR PTB between May 1996 and February 2000. All patients had organisms resistant to many of the first-line drugs including isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RFP). Results : The thirteen patients were $37.5{\pm}12.4$ years old (mean${\pm}$S.D.)(M : F=5:8), and their sputum was culture positive even with adequate medication for prolonged periods ($109.7{\pm}132.0$ months), resistant to 2-8 drugs including isoniazid and rifampin. All patients had localized lesion(s) and most (92.3%) had cavities. At least 3 sensitive anti-TB medications were started before surgery in all patients according to the drug sensitivity test. The preoperative $FEV_1$ was $2.37{\pm}0.83$ L. Lobectomy was performed in 11 patients and pleuropneumonectomy in two. Postoperative mortality did not occur, but pneumonia occurred as a complication in one (7.7%). After $41.5{\pm}58.9$ days (range 1~150 days) follow up, negative conversion of sputum culture was achieved in all patients within 5 months. Only one patient (7.7%) recurred 32 months after lung resection. Conclusion : When medical treatment alone is not successful, surgical resection can be a good treatment option in patients with localized MDR PTB.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.23-24
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• 2007

Purpose: 인삼이 항당뇨 활성을 가진다는 연구가 많은 연구자들에 의해 진행되었고, 이는 인삼의 구성 성분 중 ginsenoside에 기인한다는 보고가 있다. 본 연구는 ginsenoside의 항당뇨 작용기전을 in vitro에서 알아보고자 3T3-L1 지방세포에서 glucose uptake와 췌장 베타세포인 HIT-T15 세포에서 insulin 분비 효과를 확인하였다. 이를 위하여 인삼을 식초로 처리한 긴삼의 70% MeOH 분획으로부터 protopanaxadiol 계인 ginsenoside $Rb_2$, $Rg_3$ 그리고 protopanaxtriol 계인 $Rg_2$를 분리하여 본 실험에 사용하였다. Method: Ginsenoside $Rb_2$, $Rg_2$, $Rg_3$가 지방 세포에서 glucose uptake에 미치는 효과를 확인하기 위하여 3T3-L1 세포를 DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) 배지에서 분화 유도시켰으며 3T3-L1 preadipocyte가 80% 정도 자라면 분화 유도 배지 (5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.5 mM isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), 1 mM dexamethasone 그리고 $10{\mu}g/ml$ insulin가 포함된 DMEM)로 4일, $10{\mu}g/ml$ insulin가 포함된 DMEM으로 2일, FBS만 포함된 DMEM으로 2일 배양하여 총 8일 동안 분화를 유도하였다. 분화 유도된 3T3-L1 adipocytes 에 각각 $Rb_2$, $Rg_2$, $Rg_3$를 $20{\mu}M$로 처리하여 16시간 배양하여 low glucose DMEM에서 3시간 배양한 후에 $37^{\circ}C$에서 insulin 10 ng/ml 과 각각 $Rb_2$, $Rg_2$, $Rg_3$가 포함된 Krebs Ringer Hepes buffer(KRP buffer)에서 20분간 배양하였다. 2-deoxy-D-[$^3H$]-glucose를 넣고 10분 후에 차가운 PBS로 반응을 종결시켜 lysis buffer로 cell을 모은 후 scintillation counter를 이용하여 glucose를 측정하였다. Insulin 분비 효과는 HIT-T15 세포와 일차 배양한 흰쥐 소도세포(islets)를 사용하여 확인하였다. HIT-T15 세포는 24 well plate에 well 당 $2{\times}10^5$ 개씩 분주하여 24시간 동안 배양한 후 시료를 처리하였으며 소도 세포는 Sprague-Dawley rat의 췌장에 collagenase가 포함된 Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution(HBSS)을 주입하여 분리하고 islets을 얻었다. 분리한 소도세포를 $1{\sim}2$일 동안 배양하여 $Rb_2$, $Rg_2$, $Rg_3$가 각각 $20{\mu}M$의 농도로 첨가된 insulin 측정용 buffer인 Krebs-Ringer buffer (KRB+0.3% BSA, KRBB)에 $37^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 incubation 시킨 후 배양액으로 분비된 인슐린의 양을 측정하였다. 한편 ginsenoside의 인슐린 분비 촉진 기전을 알아보기 위한 실험에서는 ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channel opener인 diazoxide (0.5 mM)가 ginsenoside에 의해 촉진된 인슐린 분비를 억제하는지 살펴보았다. Result: glucose uptake assay 에서는 $Rg_2$가 가장 크게 glucose uptake를 증가시켰고 $Rb_2$, $Rg_3$는 그 활성이 크지 않았다. 한편 Insulin 분비 효과는 diol계인 $Rg_3$에서 용량 의존적으로 인슐린의 분비를 촉진시켰으며 $20{\mu}M$ 농도에서 대조군과 비교해 1.5배 이상의 분비 촉진 효과를 보였고 triol계인 $Rg_2$ 에서는 이러한 효과가 나타나지 않았다. $Rg_3$의 인슐린 분비 촉진 기전을 0.5 mM 의 diazoxide를 이용하여 확인한 결과 $Rg_3$에 의해 촉진된 인슐린 분비를 감소시켰다. 이로 미루어보아 $Rg_3$의 인슐린 분비 촉진 기전은 ATP-sensitive $K^+$ 채널의 봉쇄에 의한 것임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.3-12
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• 1992

Forage grasses and legumes ar$\varepsilon$ the mam component of livestock diets in Canada. There are over 30 million ha of grassland in Canada and there is a large, undeveloped land base in fringe areas suitable for forage production. The short growing s season limits the grassland farming to the southern p parts of Canada. The win!er season is long and in most parts of Canada cold temperatures, fr$\varepsilon$ezmg, and thawing, and diseases exert sever$\varepsilon$ stress on overwintering forage plants. The development of persistent cultivars is essential for sustained production particularly in the fringe areas with short growmg s$\varepsilon$ason. The seasonality of dry matter production is a result of high growth rates in early summ$\varepsilon$r and low dry matter accumulation in late summer and fall. Innovative management practIces a and cultivars with improved regrowth capacity are n necessary to overcome such skewed production pattern and to extend effiectlVe grazmg season l Improved pasture production is an important part of reducing costs in livestock operations and remaining competitive. It is suggested that applying available technology would increase pasture productivity and reduce d$\varepsilon$pendence on stored feeds thus improving profitability of small producers in particeular. Reducing nutrient losses during harv$\varepsilon$stmg, s storage, and feeding is essential for improved production efficiency during confinement. The devclopment of low cost and labor saving methods of ensiling is critical for improved efficiency and profitability of forage based enterprises Livestock industries must respond to consumer preferences for low fat and cholesterol foods. Research and development of entire production systems is emphasized for dev$\varepsilon$loping viabl$\varepsilon$ enterprises. It is increasingly difficult to secure resources for r$\varepsilon$search, education, and extension, and alliane$\varepsilon$s and cooperation must expand among organizations with interests in forage based livestock systems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.1610-1616
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• 2016

This study aimed to establish an optimal extraction process and high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) analytical method for determination of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA) as a part of materials standardization for the development of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor as a health functional food. The quantitative determination method of 3,5-DCQA as a marker compound was optimized by HPLC analysis using a Luna RP-18 column, and the correlation coefficient for the calibration curve showed good linearity of more than 0.9999 using a gradient eluent of water (1% acetic acid) and methanol as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and a detection wavelength of 320 nm. The HPLC-UV method was applied successfully to quantification of the marker compound (3,5-DCQA) in Aster glehni extracts after validation of the method with linearity, accuracy, and precision. Ethanolic extracts of A. glehni (AGEs) were evaluated by reflux extraction at 70 and $80^{\circ}C$ with 30, 50, 70, and 80% ethanol for 3, 4, 5, and 6 h, respectively. Among AGEs, 70% AGE at $70^{\circ}C$ showed the highest content of 3,5-DCQA of $52.59{\pm}3.45mg/100g$ A. glehni. Furthermore, AGEs were analyzed for their inhibitory activities on uric acid production by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. The 70% AGE at $70^{\circ}C$ showed the most potent inhibitory activity with $IC_{50}$ values of $77.01{\pm}3.13{\sim}89.96{\pm}3.08{\mu}g/mL$. The results suggest that standardization of 3,5-DCQA in AGEs using HPLC-UV analysis would be an acceptable method for the development of health functional foods.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.163-192
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• 2009

Currently, our country operates gifted education only as a special curriculum, which results in many problems, e.g., there are few beneficiaries of gifted education, considerable time and effort are required to gifted students, and gifted students' educational needs are ignored during the operation of regular curriculum. In order to solve these problems, the present study formulates the following research questions, finding it advisable to conduct gifted education in elementary regular classrooms within the scope of the regular curriculum. A. To devise a teaching plan for the gifted students on mathematics in the elementary school regular classroom. B. To develop a learning program for the gifted students in the elementary school regular classroom. C. To apply an in-depth learning program to gifted students in mathematics and analyze the effectiveness of the program. In order to answer these questions, a teaching plan was provided for the gifted students in mathematics using a differentiating instruction type. This type was developed by researching literature reviews. Primarily, those on characteristics of gifted students in mathematics and teaching-learning models for gifted education. In order to instruct the gifted students on mathematics in the regular classrooms, an in-depth learning program was developed. The gifted students were selected through teachers' recommendation and an advanced placement test. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the gifted education in mathematics and the possibility of the differentiating teaching type in the regular classrooms were determined. The analysis was applied through an in-depth learning program of selected gifted students in mathematics. To this end, an in-depth learning program developed in the present study was applied to 6 gifted students in mathematics in one first grade class of D Elementary School located in Nowon-gu, Seoul through a 10-period instruction. Thereafter, learning outputs, math diaries, teacher's checklist, interviews, video tape recordings the instruction were collected and analyzed. Based on instruction research and data analysis stated above, the following results were obtained. First, it was possible to implement the gifted education in mathematics using a differentiating instruction type in the regular classrooms, without incurring any significant difficulty to the teachers, the gifted students, and the non-gifted students. Specifically, this instruction was effective for the gifted students in mathematics. Since the gifted students have self-directed learning capability, the teacher can teach lessons to the gifted students individually or in a group, while teaching lessons to the non-gifted students. The teacher can take time to check the learning state of the gifted students and advise them, while the non-gifted students are solving their problems. Second, an in-depth learning program connected with the regular curriculum, was developed for the gifted students, and greatly effective to their development of mathematical thinking skills and creativity. The in-depth learning program held the interest of the gifted students and stimulated their mathematical thinking. It led to the creative learning results, and positively changed their attitude toward mathematics. Third, the gifted students with the most favorable results who took both teacher's recommendation and advanced placement test were more self-directed capable and task committed. They also showed favorable results of the in-depth learning program. Based on the foregoing study results, the conclusions are as follows: First, gifted education using a differentiating instruction type can be conducted for gifted students on mathematics in the elementary regular classrooms. This type of instruction conforms to the characteristics of the gifted students in mathematics and is greatly effective. Since the gifted students in mathematics have self-directed learning capabilities and task-commitment, their mathematical thinking skills and creativity were enhanced during individual exploration and learning through an in-depth learning program in a differentiating instruction. Second, when a differentiating instruction type is implemented, beneficiaries of gifted education will be enhanced. Gifted students and their parents' satisfaction with what their children are learning at school will increase. Teachers will have a better understanding of gifted education. Third, an in-depth learning program for gifted students on mathematics in the regular classrooms, should conform with an instructing and learning model for gifted education. This program should include various and creative contents by deepening the regular curriculum. Fourth, if an in-depth learning program is applied to the gifted students on mathematics in the regular classrooms, it can enhance their gifted abilities, change their attitude toward mathematics positively, and increase their creativity.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.773-782
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• 2004

The objective of this work was to establish an approaching method for TMR feeding system in the farm situation by testing the effects of herd-mix feeding system on the performance of lactating cows. Fifty six Holstein cows were fed for the experimental period of 16 months. Prior to test the herd-mix feeding system, animals were kept on conventional feeding system for 4 months, separate feeding of forage with concentrate, then provided 3 types of herd-mix rations formulated by mean level of energy concentration requirement of higher 1/2 ranker in each herd for remaining 12 months to compare the effect on milk yield performance of animals with conventional feeding system by using a switch-over method. The herd-mix feeding system influenced substantially upon the improvements of milk yield(P<0.01) and milk fat percentage(P<0.05). In all of lactational ages, milk yield and milk fat were enhanced by the herd-mix feeding system. Especially, actual milk yield(AMY) and milk fat in the 1st lactating cows, and AMY and 4.0% fat corrected milk yield(FCM) in the 2nd lactating cows were increased signiticantly by the herd-mix feeding system(P<0.05). In the early and mid-stage of lactation, the herd-mix feeding system showed higher AMY and FCM compared with the conventional feeding system although the milk fat was not different. AMY, milk fat and FCM in the late-stage of lactation were increased generally by the herd-mix feeding system. Especially, milk fat and FCM obtained by the herd-mix feeding system were significantly higher than those by the conventional feeding system(P<0.01). The herd-mix feeding system showed a good type of milking curve with a higher persistency of FCM(93.24%) than in conventional one(92.69%). The income over feed cost with the herd-mix feeding system was lA-fold higher than that with the conventional feeding method. In conclusion, the results of this work suggest that the herd-mix feeding system based on a correct level of energy concentration of TMR and well-determined feed ingredients increases not only milk yield of dairy herd by enhancing the performance of cows in early to mid stage of lactation with improved milk persistency but also gross income of dairy farm.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.227-234
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• 2004

This experiment was conducted at Cheonan Yonam Experimental Livestock Farm in 2001-2002 to detennine the effect of harvest date(20 April, 26 April and 4 May) on forage yield and quality of rye varieties of three different maturing groups(early maturing variety = ‘Koolgrazer’ midseason maturing variety = ‘Horni122’ and late maturing variety = ‘Danko’). The heading date of Kooigrazer, Hornil22 and Danko were 17, 22 and 29 April, respectively. Dry matter percentage increased from 15.6 to 21.6% as the harvest date was delayed from April 20 to May 4. Among the rye varieties tested, dry matter percentage of Koolgrazer, Hornil22 and Danko were 20.9, 18.8 and 16.3%, respectively. Dry matter yield increased from 1l.2 to 13.9 ton/ha as the harvest date was delayed, but no significant difference among rye varieties. As the harvest date was delayed, total digestible nutrients(TDN) yield also increased significantly from 7.4 to 8.4 ton/ha However no significant difference was found among rye varieties. Crude protein(CP) percentage decreased from 20.3 to 17.1% as the harvest date was delayed, and CP percentage of late maturing variety, Danko, was significantly higher than that of the other varieties. In content of fiber component(NDF, ADF, ADL, hemicellulose and cellulose) of rye, the late harvest date(4 May) showed the highest among harvest dates. From comparisoo within rye varieties tested, Kooigrazer, a early maturing variety had higher than a rnidseason and late maturing varieties, Hornill22 and Danko. The cellulase digestible of organic matter of dry matter(CDOMD) decreased as the harvest date was delayed. Among the rye varieties tested, the CDOMD of a early maturing variety, Koolgrazer was the lowest. Our study differences of winter rye in forage yield and quality resulting from variety maturity and harvest stage. A early maturing variety, Kooigrazer should be harvested between 24 and 28 April, Hamill 22(midseason maturing variety) harvested between 29 April and 3 May, Danko(late maturing variety) harvested between 4 and 8 May for maximum forage yield and optimum quality.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.743-752
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• 2004

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of filtered water with silicate minerals on growth performance and pork quality. A total of 64 pigs were allotted at 37.95 kg body weight to 4 treatments in a randomized complete block(RCB) design. Each treatment had 4 replicates and treatments were I) Con(basaI diet). 2) Si-I(consumed silicate mineral filtered water and silicate mineral additive during 4 weeks before market weight), 3) Si-Il( consumed silicate mineral filtered water and silicate mineral additive during 8 weeks before market weight) and 4) Si-I1I(consumed silicate mineral filtered water and silicate mineral additive during 12 weeks before market weight). Silicate complex was added at 0.8% to basal diet. All pigs were allowed to feed and water ad libitum for 12 weeks. During last 4 weeks, average daily gain(ADG) in Si-Il and Si-III group was higher than that in Si-I group(P < 0.05). However overall experimental period, there were no significant differences in growth performance among all treatments. Acceptability of cooked pork at 7th day after slaughter in Si-lII group was higher than that in Con group(P < 0.05). The value of pH of fresh pork at 6 hours after slaughter was lower in Si-I1I group than that in Con group(P < 0.05). TBA values of fresh pork at 14th day after slaughter were lower in Si-II and Si-III groups than Con group(P < 0.05). These results demonstrated that pork quality could be improved when pigs consumed both silicate mineral and silicate mineral filtered water. However, growth performance was not improved by the consumption of silicate mineral filtered water and silicate mineral.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.15-21
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• 1984

It was aimed to study the effects of ${\alpha}_2-adrenoceptor$ agonists on the sleeping time in $one{\sim}two-day-old$ chickens. Furthermore, it was also evaluated whether ${\alpha}_1-adrenoceptor$ agonist and antagonist might affect the sleeping in the chickens and discussed in relation with opiate receptor. 1) Guanabenz, clonidine, guanfacine and B-HT 933 decreased the latency of the loss of righting reflex in a dose-dependent manner, but B-HT 920 and oxymetazoline slightly prolonged it. 2) ${\alpha}_2-Adrenoceptor$ agonists produced dose·related increase in sleeping time. The potency was guanabenz>clonidine>oxymetazoline${\geq}$B-HT 933${\geq}$B-HT 920>guanfacine in this order. 3) ${\alpha}_2-Adrenoceptor$ antagonists decreased guanabenz-induced sleeping time in a dose ·dependent manner. The rank order of ${\alpha}_2-adrenoceptor$ antagonists was yohimbine>rauwolscine>piperoxan${\geq}$RX 781094. 4) Sleeping time caused by both ethanol and hexobarbital was not affected by yohimbine in chickens. 5) Methoxamine and phenylephrine showed little significant effect on the guanabenz-induced sleeping time. However, prazosin increased it. Paradoxically, corynanthine rather caused to decrease it. These results suggest that the stimulation of central ${\alpha}_2-adrenoceptor$ mediates sleeping, however it is remained uncertain in the role of central ${\alpha}_1-adrenoceptor$ in chickens. In addition, the one~two-day-old chickens may be considered as a useful, inexpensive and simple experimental model to evaluate the in vivo pharmacological action of the ${\alpha}_2-adrenoceptor$ agonist and antagonist related to sedation.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.176-181
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• 2003

The leaching behaviour of [aniline-$^{14}C$]mefenacet in soil was investigated using glass columns (5 cm I.D. $\times$ 30 cm. H) packed with two types of soils with different physicochemical properties. $^{14}C$-Mefenacet (8.33 kBq) and mefenacet (in total, 1.05 mg/kg) were treated onto soil columns and rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) were grown for 17 weeks on these columns. Leachates from the columns were collected at the rate of 122.5 mL per week. $^{14}C$-Activities leached from soil A (OM, 3.1%; CEC, 86 mmol(+)/kg; texture, loam) columns with and without rice plants were 1.95 and 4.19% of the originally applied, whereas those from soil B (OM, 1.3%; CEC, 71 mmol(+)/kg; texture, loam) were 2.69 and 7.05%, respectively. These results indicated that larger amounts of $^{14}C$ were percolated from soil B with less organic matter and from the columns without vegetation. $^{14}C$-Activities absorbed by rice plants from soil A and B were 8.95 and 8.47%, respectively, most of which remained in the root and shoot excluding unhulled grains and ears without grains. $62\sim73%$ of the originally applied $^{14}C$ remained in the depth of $0\sim5cm$ in soil. The mass balance indicated that the losses by volatilization and/or mineralization amounted to $3.4\sim9.2%$ of the originally applied. $^{14}C$-Radioactivities in the aqueous phase of the leachates ranged from 59.4 to 97.7% of the radioactivities in leachates, showing the fast transformation of mefenacet to the polar metabolites.