• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.625-633
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• 2021

Bangladesh's growing foreign aid has sparked controversy over whether it affects the country's economic performance. This review assesses foreign aid's influence on the country's economic growth with annual data covering the 1989-2018 period. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is applied to achieve the research objective, and the empirical results indicate a substantial and robust impact of foreign assistance on economic growth. The outcome further reveal that domestic investment also contributes significantly to the country's economic evolution. However, trade openness plays a substantial positive role in the short run, although the impact is immaterial in the long run. The empirical findings indicate that the association between aid, domestic investment, and growth has a confident meaningful effect at 1 per cent level in the long run, whereas aid influences more than domestic investment. However, in the short run, aid, domestic investment, trade openness, and growth show positive and noteworthy response also at 1 percent level. This review undertakes a detailed analysis about the country's economic growth, and grounded on its outcome, this work suggests that focus should be placed more on creating domestic investment, promoting more export, and allocation of aid should be determined by the relative needs of the country.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.7
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• pp.21-30
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• 2021

This study examines the role of the manufacturing sector in stimulating economic growth in the Saudi economy. Even though the economic literature shows how the manufacturing sector stimulates economic growth, it does not clearly show the role of the manufacturing sector in economic growth. The study employed annual time-series data spanning the 1980-2018 period from the databases of the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority. Moreover, the cointegration and VECM approaches were employed to examine the short- and long-run relationship causality between variables. The results show a two-way causal relationship exists between the manufacturing sector and economic growth. Furthermore, the results indicate that a unidirectional causal relationship exists, running from the manufacturing sector to the services sector. The study recommends that the determinants of the growth of the Saudi manufacturing sector must be investigated. Moreover, the most productive Saudi manufacturing industries must be identified, and the productivity of other sectors must be increased in a way that contributes to economic plans and policies. Thus, adopting economic policies that stimulate investment in the manufacturing sector contributes to increasing non-oil exports to diversify sources of income to achieve vision 2030 of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the determinants of Green Total Factor Productivity (Green TFP) growth in the agricultural sector in Indonesia from 1980-2018. Research design, data, and methodology: The growth of Green TFP in the agricultural sector is calculated using the Growth Accounting Method. Moreover, this study uses multiple linear regression to analyze the determinants of the growth of Green TFP in the agricultural sector in Indonesia. Results: The survey results show that the average growth of Green TFP in the agricultural sector in Indonesia is still negative, which indicates that the efficiency of production factor or mastery of technology is still low. Inflation and patent applications are variables that significantly affect the growth of Green TFP in the agricultural sector, where the inflation variable has a negative effect. In contrast, the variable growth of patent applications has a positive impact. Conclusions: The government needs to continue to improve efficiency by organizing various programs related to increasing mastery of technology in the agricultural sector. The government also needs to advance research and development by promoting patents to become research incentives and impact the improvement of new technologies, especially those related to the environment. Moreover, economic stability needs to be maintained through inflation control.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.856-863
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• 2013

Application of rhizospheric fungi is an effective and environmentally friendly method of improving plant growth and controlling many plant diseases. The current study was aimed to identify phytohormone-producing fungi from soil, to understand their roles in sesame plant growth, and to control Fusarium disease. Three predominant fungi (PNF1, PNF2, and PNF3) isolated from the rhizospheric soil of peanut plants were screened for their growth-promoting efficiency on sesame seedlings. Among these isolates, PNF2 significantly increased the shoot length and fresh weight of seedlings compared with controls. Analysis of the fungal culture filtrate showed a higher concentration of indole acetic acid in PNF2 than in the other isolates. PNF2 was identified as Penicillium sp. on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequence similarity. The in vitro biocontrol activity of Penicillium sp. against Fusarium sp. was exhibited by a 49% inhibition of mycelial growth in a dual culture bioassay and by hyphal injuries as observed by scanning electron microscopy. In addition, greenhouse experiments revealed that Fusarium inhibited growth in sesame plants by damaging lipid membranes and reducing protein content. Co-cultivation with Penicillium sp. mitigated Fusarium-induced oxidative stress in sesame plants by limiting membrane lipid peroxidation, and by increasing the protein concentration, levels of antioxidants such as total polyphenols, and peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities. Thus, our findings suggest that Penicillium sp. is a potent plant growth-promoting fungus that has the ability to ameliorate damage caused by Fusarium infection in sesame cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.96-104
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• 2010

A comparative study was performed in gnotobiotic and greenhouse conditions to evaluate the effect of exogenous application of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and inoculation of Methylobacterium spp. possessing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD) and IAA activity on red pepperand tomato seedling growth and development. Application of 1.0 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ IAA positively influenced root growth while high concentrations (>10.0 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$) suppressed root growth of red pepper and tomato under gnotobiotic condition. On the other hand, inoculation of Methylobacterium strains with ACCD activity and IAA or without IAA enhanced root growth in both plants. Similarly, under greenhouse condition the inoculation of Methylobacterium sp. with ACCD activity and IAA enhanced plant fitness recorded as average nodal length and specific leaf weight (SLW) but the effect is comparable with the application of low concentrations of IAA. Seedling length was significantly increased by Methylobacterium strains while total biomass was enhanced by Methylobacterium spp. and exogenous applications of < 10.0 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ IAA. High concentrations of IAA retard biomass accumulation in red pepper and tomato. These results confirm that bacterial strains with plant growth promoting characters such as IAA and ACCD have characteristic effects on different aspects of growth of red pepper and tomato seedlings which is comparable or better than exogenous applications of synthetic IAA.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.417-426
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• 2020

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is an important plant disease-preventing and growth-promoting microorganism. B. amyloliquefaciens WS-8 can stimulate plant growth and has strong antifungal properties. In this study, we sequenced the complete genome of B. amyloliquefaciens WS-8 by Pacific Biosciences RSII (PacBio) Single Molecule Real-Time (SMRT) sequencing. The genome consists of one chromosome (3,929,787 bp) and no additional plasmids. The main bacteriostatic substances were determined by genome, transcriptome, and mass spectrometry data. We thereby laid a theoretical foundation for the utilization of the strain. By genomic analysis, we identified 19 putative biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites, most of which are potentially involved in the biosynthesis of numerous bioactive metabolites, including difficidin, fengycin, and surfactin. Furthermore, a potential class II lanthipeptide biosynthetic gene cluster and genes that are involved in auxin biosynthesis were found. Through the analysis of transcriptome data, we found that the key bacteriostatic genes, as predicted in the genome, exhibited different levels of mRNA expression. Through metabolite isolation, purification, and exposure experiments, we found that a variety of metabolites of WS-8 exert an inhibitory effect on the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, which causes gray mold; by mass spectrometry, we found that the main substances are mainly iturins and fengycins. Therefore, this strain has the potential to be utilized as an antifungal agent in agriculture.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2004

This study was investigated the physiological properties of auxin-producing bacteria that have plant growth promoting activity and plant pathogen antagonistic ability. Auxin-producing bacteria were isolated from field soils of Gyeongsan, Korea. Selected strains were identified as a Pseudumonas fulva N21 and a Pantoea agglomerans; K35 by morphological and physiological test, and Biolog (Microlog) system. Auxins were determined by Salkowski in vitro test and mungbean adventitious root induction bioassay. Also produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was identified by TLC. During cell growth, auxin production were highest in their idiophase after log phase and $35^{\circ}C$ at pH 7.5.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1244-1249
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• 2009

Endophytic fungi are known for the production of valuable metabolites, but information on the gibberellin production capacity of this group is limited. We isolated 9 endophytic fungi from the roots of salt-stressed soybean plants and screened them on waito-c rice, in order to identify plant growth promoting fungal strains. The fungal isolate TK-2-4 gave maximum plant length (20.35 cm) promotion in comparison with wild-type Gibberella fujikuroi (19.5 cm). In a separate experiment, bioassay of TK-2-4 promoted plant length and biomass of soybean cultivar Taegwangkong. The TK-2-4 culture filtrate was analyzed for the presence of gibberellins, and it was found that all physiologically active gibberellins, especially $GA_4$ and $GA_7$, were present in higher amounts ($GA_1$, 0.11 ng/ml; $GA_3$, 2.91 ng/ml; $GA_4$, 3.21 ng/ml; and $GA_7$, 1.4 ng/ml) in conjunction with physiologically inactive $GA_9$ (0.05 ng/ml), $GA_{12}$ (0.23 ng/ ml), $GA_{15}$ (0.42 ng/ml), $GA_{19}$ (0.53 ng/ml), and $GA_{20}$ (0.06 ng/ml). The fungal isolate TK-2-4 was later identified as a new strain of Phoma herbarum, through the phylogenetic analysis of 28S rDNA sequence.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.58-65
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• 2007

The role of soil microorganisms, specifically rhizobacteria, in the development of rhizoremediation techniques is important to speed up the process and to increase the rate of mobilization or absorption of heavy metals to the plant. In this study, Methylobacterium sp. SY-NiR1 was isolated from the rhizosphere soils of plants in oil and heavy metal-contaminated soil. Based on its pink pigmented colony, rod-shape cells, and belonging in $\alpha-Proteobacteria$, Methylobacterium sp. SY-NiR1 is considered a pink-pigmented facultative methylotroph. SY-NiR1 had the ability to produce indole acetic acid which is one of phytohormones. This bacterium showed resistance against multiple heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, and the order of its resistance based on $EC_{50}$ was Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb > Cd > Cr. Therefore, Methylobacterium sp. SY-NiR1 can stimulate seed germination and plant growth in soil contaminated with heavy metals.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 2006

To isolate a bacterium that produces plant growth promoting hormone, a total of 29 bacteria were obtained from the soil in Gyeongsan, Korea. Among these, 14 strains were selected by their positive reaction on Salkowski to produce auxin. All of these were then tested for their property to produce siderophore using CAS (chrome azurol S) blue agar, and one was chosen for its ability to produce both, auxin and siderophore. This strain, denoted, AHl8, showed 1.5 times higher adventitious root induction rates than controls, using mung-beans. The strain also showed efficient biocontrol properties towards Fusarium-wilt of tomatoes in artificial pot assays. The strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis by 16s rDNA comparison and Biolog analyses. Growth and media conditions for Bacillus subtilis AH1 8 to highly produce siderophore were also investigated.