• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.7-12
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• 2012

Sn whiskers are a serious cause of failure in electronic devices as they create short circuits. Sn whisker growth and mitigation have been investigated by many Japanese consortia including JEITA and JAXA. This paper gives an overview about recent researches of JEITA and JAXA.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.815-823
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• 2012

In this paper reliability growth model in which the operating time between successive failure is a continuous random variable is proposed. This model is for Burr type XII distribution with two parameters which is discussed in two versions: the order statistics and non-homogeneous Poisson process. The two software reliability measures are obtained. The performance for two versions of the suggested model is tested on real data set by U-plot and Y-plot using Kolmogorov distance.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.11D no.7 s.96
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• pp.1451-1458
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• 2004

Current software reliability growth models based on Gompertz growth curve are all logarithmic type. Software reliability growth models based on logarithmic type Gompertz growth curve has difficulties in parameter estimation. Therefore this paper proposes a software reliability growth model based on the logistic type Gompertz growth curie. Its usefulness is empirically verified by analyzing the failure data sets obtained from 13 different software projects. The parameters of model are estimated by linear regression through variable transformation or Virene's method. The proposed model is compared with respect to the average relative prediction error criterion. Experimental results show that the pro-posed model performs better the models based on the logarithmic type Gompertz growth curve.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.9
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• pp.379-383
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• 2014

Recombinant growth hormone (GH) is an effective treatment for short children who are born small for gestational age (SGA). Short children born SGA who fail to demonstrate catch-up growth by 2-4 years of age are candidates for GH treatment initiated to achieve catch-up growth to a normal height in early childhood, maintain a normal height gain throughout childhood, and achieve an adult height within the normal target range. GH treatment at a dose of $35-70{\mu}g/kg/day$ should be considered for those with very marked growth retardation, as these patients require rapid catch-up growth. Factors associated with response to GH treatment during the initial 2-3 years of therapy include age and height standard deviation scores at the start of therapy, midparental height, and GH dose. Adverse events due to GH treatment are no more common in the SGA population than in other conditions treated with GH. Early surveillance in growth clinics is strongly recommended for children born SGA who have not caught up. Although high dose of up to 0.067 mg/kg/day are relatively safe for short children with growth failure, clinicians need to remain aware of long-term mortality and morbidity after GH treatment.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.15-26
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• 2022

Purpose: There has been a consistent failure of businesses that are run by a single person. Most of these collapse at infancy prematurely and those that survive continue to operate at minimal capacity. The study thus sought to enhance growth of sole proprietors from being small entities to large corporates. Financial determinants of business growth were earmarked for research as they were amongst the grey areas of business growth research. Research design, data and methodology: The target population of the study was made up of groceries retail sole proprietors operating in Epworth, Zimbabwe. Questionnaires were used in a once-off cross-sectional survey using stratified random sampling. Through a deductive research approach, four financial determinants of business growth were established namely financial availability, financial management, financial evaluation and financial investment (AMEI). These constructs formulated the basis for the development of the model which linked financial factors to business growth. Results: The study found out that all four financial determinants were statistically significant (P < 0.05) in predicting business growth. Conclusions: The study concludes that the model tested was useful in explaining sole proprietor's business growth. Sole proprietors should have access to funding, manage received funds in an appropriate manner, invest into the business and evaluate their business processes.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2008

Purpose: Growth failure is a common problem in chronic renal failure(CRF). We studied the effect of growth hormone(GH) treatment and the factors influencing growth on chronic peritoneal dialysis patients. Methods: Seventeen patients who were treated with peritoneal dialysis and GH for more than one year were enrolled. Factors influencing growth such as age, height at start of GH treatment, total Kt/Vurea, residual renal Kt/Vurea, hemoglobin, albumin, BUN, creatinine, total $CO_2$, calcium, phosphate and iPTH during GH treatment were compared between the growth group (increase in height-standard deviation score(Ht-SDS) after one year of GH treatment, n=l1) and poor growth group(no increase in Ht-SDS after one year of GH treatment, n=6). Results: The mean age at the start of dialysis was 7.7${\pm}$5.2 years and the mean age at the start of GH treatment was 8.5${\pm}$4.8 years. In the growth group, Ht-SDS at start of GH treatment was smaller(-1.72${\pm}$1.00 vs. -0.77${\pm}$0.88, P=0.048) and residual renal Kt/Vurea was better (1.54${\pm}$0.51 vs. 0.15${\pm}$0.26, P=0.02) than the poor growth group. After three years of GH treatment, Ht-SDS of the growth group was better than the poor growth group. Conclusion: GH treatment in children with peritoneal dialysis was more effective on patients who had more severe growth retardation. The reservation of residual renal function was important for improvement of effect of GH treatment. And the growth response during the first year of GH treatment may be predicted as the indicator for long-term response.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.2305-2311
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• 2002

The pressure tube is a major component of the CANDU reactor, which supports nuclear fuel bundle and heavy water coolant. Pressure tubes are installed horizontally inside the reactor and only selected samples are periodically examined during in-service inspection. In this respect, a probabilistic safety assessment method is more appropriate fur the assessment of overall pressure tube safety. The failure behavior of CANDU pressure tubes, however, is governed by delayed hydride cracking which is the major difference from pipings and reactor pressure vessels. Since the delayed hydride cracking has more widely distributed governing parameters, it is impossible to apply a general PFM methodology directly. In this paper, a PFM methodology for the safety assessment of CANDU pressure tubes is introduced by applying Monte Carlo simulation in determining failure probability Initial hydrogen concentration, flaw shape and depth, axial and radial crack growth rate and fracture toughness were considered as probabilistic variables. Parametric study has been done under the base of pressure tube dimension and hydride precipitation temperature in calculating failure probability. Unstable fracture and plastic collapse are used for the failure assessment. The estimated failure probability showed about three-order difference with changing dimensions of pressure tube.

• Composites Research
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.14-21
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• 2004

Failure process, mode and strength of unidirectional composite single lap bonded joints were investigated experimentally with respect to bonding methods, those are, co-curing with and without adhesive and secondary bonding. The co-cured joint specimens without adhesive had the largest failure strength. Progressive failures along the adhesive layer occurred in the secondary bonded specimens. In the co-cured specimens with adhesive film which had better material strength and adhesion performance, delamination failure occurred and the joint strengths were less than those of secondary bonded specimens. Delamination failure did not occur in the secondary bonded specimens because of earlier crack growth and progressive failure in the adhesive layer. Therefore, failure strength of composite bonded Joints were not always proportionate to material strength and adhesion performance of the adhesive due to the weakness of delamination in composite materials. The effects of surface roughness, bondline thickness and fillets were also studied on secondary bonded specimens.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.185-193
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• 2011

The successful and sustainable growth of SMEs depends on their ability of strengthen their competitiveness in quality and cost and service more than anything else as a fundamental of operation. Among these key competitive factors of SMEs, quality is the most critical factor in manufacturing business fields. There are many different ways to improve the quality performance but it needs proper management decision to choose the best way what can maximize outputs with minimum inputs. And it needs effective measurement methods and some indicators to analysis the quality performance properly. The quality cost is one of the simplest key indicators to measure the quality performance and the effectiveness of quality related management decisions. In this study, through survey on local SMEs, we found that their average annual quality cost ratio versus turnover - total amount of annual quality cost divided by annual turnover - is around 3.69% excluded some SME's performances what have different quality control measures with others. And we found some results what corresponded with the early studies on the correlations between those categorized quality costs factors and some discrepancies between some of the literature model and the early case study results as follows. There were negative correlations between the Prevention costs and the External failure costs, and the Appraisal costs and the External failure costs, and there was positive correlation between the Appraisal costs and Internal failure costs same as early studies. But, we couldn't found any strong negative correlations between the Cost of control - Prevention costs & Appraisal costs - and the Cost of Failure of control - Internal & External failure costs -.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2019

Alloy 600/182 with excellent mechanical/chemical properties have been utilized for nuclear power plants. Although both alloys are known to have superior corrosion resistance, stress corrosion cracking failure has been an issue in primary water environment of nuclear power plants. Therefore, primary water stress corrosion crack (PWSCC) growth rate tests were conducted to investigate crack growth properties of Alloy 600/182. To investigate PWSCC growth rate, test facilities including water chemistry loop, autoclave, and loading system were constructed. In PWSCC crack growth rate tests, half compact-tension specimens were manufactured. These specimens were then placed inside of the autoclave connected to the loop to provide primary water environment. Tested conditions were set at temperature of $360^{\circ}C$ and pressure of 20MPa. Real time crack growth rates of specimens inside the autoclave were measured by Direct Current potential drop (DCPD) method. To confirm inter-granular (IG) crack as a characteristic of PWSCC, fracture surfaces of tested specimens were observed by SEM. Finally, crack growth rate was derived in a specific stress intensity factor (K) range and similarity with overseas database was identified.