• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.76-83
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• 2006

In order to investigate the impacts of non-selective herbicide, glufosinate-ammonium (ammonium 4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl] -DL-homoalaninate, GLA) to the non-target organisms, earthworm was exposed to GLA in the field soil for a month, and microbial populations in the soil were investigated after application of GLA. Simultaneously, the residues of GLA and its metabolite, 3-MPP were analyzed in the same soil. Meanwhile, to elucidate the influence of GLA to the growth of non-target crops incase of inter-furrow application, the amounts of carotenoid, chlorophyll, amino acid, proteins and sugars in the leaves of potato and chinese cabbage grown in the same field were investigated. In result, the dead earthworm was not observed during the test period, and the increasing rates of bodyweight were $9.410{\sim}11.603%$ in GLA-treated plots and 5.645% in GLA-untreated plots. The populations of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes in the GLA-treated soils were $6.2{\times}10^4$, $1.5{\times}10^6$ and $5.7{\times}10^4$, respectively. They maintained relatively similar levels to the control which were $3.7{\times}10^4$, $3.7{\times}10^5$ and $3.7{\times}10^4$, respectively. In residue analysis, the limit of detection of GLA was 0.02 mg $kg^{-1}$, that of 3-MPP was the same level, and the half-life of GLA was 15 days in sandy clay loam soil. This result indicates that GLA was degraded very quickly in field soil. On the other hand, the amounts of physiological, biochemical components such as carotenoid, amino acid, chlorophyll, protein and sugar were ranged from 90.0 to 104.3% in potato and from 99.0 to 112.7% in chinese cabbage. Comparing with hand-weeded plots, it is indicated that GLA had not affected to the growth of non-target crops when applied at inter-furrow in crops-growing field.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2006

Chlorothalonil and imidacloprid sprayed onto the green peppers were degraded more faster at outdoor than in greenhouse. These results were affected by dew and photodegration, considering no rain during the experimental period. Chlorothalonil, esfenvalerate and imidacloprid in green pepper, green twist pepper and sweet pepper did not show any residual pattern, because green peppers are one of the continuous harvesting crops and pesticides could not be sprayed homogeneously on them. When green peppers were pickled with soy sauce and green twist peppers were fried with vegetable oil, the amounts of pesticides such as alpha-cypermethrin, bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr, esfenvalerate and imidacloprid were diminished to the levels of about $30{\sim}71$ and $20{\sim}41%$, respectively. Esfenvalerate and imidacloprid could not be detected in 2 month-old hot pepper paste. The removal rates of pesticide residues in leaves of green peppers were about $22{\sim}37%$ by washing, about $74{\sim}95%$ by parboiling, and about $17{\sim}55%$ by drying after parboiling.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1388-1393
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• 1968

Higher yield in rice paddies is greatly dependent on adequately balanced and timely supply of water. A majority of rice paddy in Korea is generally irrigated by rainfall, but in many cases it has to be supplemented by artificial irrigation for optimum rice culture. Although the water requirement of rice plant is far higher than that of other crops, submerged condition of rice paddy is not necessarily required. The moisture requirement of rice plant varies with its growing stages, and it is possible to increase the irrigation efficiency through reduction of water loss due to percolation in rice paddies. An experiment was conducted on the effectiveness of economical use of water by different irrigation period and different method of cultivation. The experimental plots were set up by means of randomized block design with three duplications; (a) Alltime submerged (b) Economically controlled, and (c) Extremely controlled. Three different irrigation periods were (a) Initial stage (b) Inter-stage, and (c) last stage. The topsoil of the three plots were excavated to the depth of 30cm and then compacted with clay of 6 cm thickness. Thereafter, they were piled up with the excavated top soils, leveled and cored with clay of 6cm thickeness arround footpath in order to prevent leakage. The results obtained frome the experiments are as follows; (1) There is no difference among the three experiment plots in terms of physical and chemical contditions, soil properties, and other characteristics. (2) Colulm length and ear length are not affected by different irrigation methdos. (3) There is no difference in the mature rate and grain weight of rice for the three plots. (4) The control plot which was irrigated every three days shows an increased yield over the all the time submerged plot by 17 persent. (5) The clay lined plot whose water holding capacity was held days long, needs only to be irrigated every 7 days. (6) The clay lined plot showes an increased yield over the untreated plot; over all the time submerged plot by 18 percent, extremely controlled plot by 18 percent, and economically controled plot by 33 percent.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.25-38
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• 2011

After the financial crisis, what has been the rapidly growth of large supermarkets, stores, and restaurants linked to concerns that have already reached saturation point, but the new opening large supermarkets is expected to continue into the future. The major supermarkets are continue to grow outward but growth slowed. And that is expected to continue differentiation of the product, acceptance the customer needs, acquiring high margin of sales products. Then the ongoing development of PB brand is to be positioned effective marketing strategy for overcoming the period of slow growth. In addition, big three local supermarkets continue to launch a clothing PB brand, expansion and operation strategy for the situation and based on this study and the success of the domestic large-Mart's PB and PB identifying problem and the need for differentiation and profit for the successful strategy is to discuss in this study. This research looks at the concept of major market's private brand, the strategy, the success example and the prospects, and views the globally rapid-growing private brands, not only having the limited role of distributing the products as retailers, but also having a control of the distribution channel as a manufacturing company. World's major advanced distribution companies, to differentiate their companies' products and increase the profitability, are putting a lot of efforts into private brand products, and there are many good examples that are globalizing, externally expanding, and creating high financial results. In this research, we presented three major domestic discount stores as examples to show that there is a need for a differentiated private brand management strategy in the saturated discount store industry in Korea. Also, we aim to provide a new product strategy for the future that has been saturated with discount stores to the limit, by providing suggestions that private brand products can be used as weapons with the strongest competiveness in the retail industry through pursuing store differentiations from thorough market analysis and product researches, meeting the customers' needs, and obtaining high margins. PB products, particularly clothing design, a thorough market analysis and product development trends and customer needs to reflect the acquisition of High margin differentiated powerful products and sustainable growth through the stores, large supermarkets, congested, a new breakthrough that can give a good opportunity to provide implications discount stores, new product strategy based on ways to limit proposed. This study discount the major three companies studied, the less strain is a generalization. In the future, domestic and local discount store brand PB, SPA brand that the multinational comparative analysis of the value of the PB expansion strategy centered on clothing, additional studies will be needed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.88-94
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• 2004

The effects of liquid culture of Coriolus versicolor on weight gain, food intakes, food efficiency ratios, serum and hepatic lipid concentrations, serum protein levels and serum enzyme activities, were studied in growing male rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were given four different types of diets for a succeeding period of 5 weeks, respectively: a normal diet group (7% corn oil), a high fat diet group (7% corn oil＋15% lard), a 20% or 30% C. versicolor diet groups (high fat diet＋20% or 30% C. versicolor in water) according to the levels of C. versicolor supplementation. The body weight gains of the rats fed the 30% C. versicolor diets were lower than those in the rats fed high fat diet. The epididymal fat pad weight of the rats fed high fat diet and 20% or 30% C. versicolor diets were significantly higher than that of the rats fed normal diet. The concentrations of triglyceride in the serum and the liver of the rats fed the 30% C. versicolor diets were more significantly decreased compared to rats on the high fat diet. The concentrations of total cholesterol in the serum and the liver of rats fed the high fat diet, 20% and 30% C. versicolor diets were similar to those of rats fed the normal diet. The HDL-cholesterol concentration and the HDL-cholesterol/total-cholesterol ratio of the rats fed 20% and 30% C. versicolor diets were significantly lower than those of the rats fed high fat diet. But the antherogenic index of the rats fed 20% or 30% C. versicolor diets were significantly higher than those of the rats fed high fat diet. There were no differences in the activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase in the serum among the experimental groups. These results showed that the 30% C. versicolor diet feeding decreased the triglyceride in serum and liver of the rats.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.200-222
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• 1992

The results of recent researches for improvement of seedling stand in direct seeded rice on the dry paddy in Korea were summarized as the following ; a variety to be cultivated should be chosen the characteristics of high percentage germination under low temperature, shorter period of shoot emergence, and better growth of the mesocotyl and shoots. Meanwhile, there was 40% increase in seedling stand at the treatment of removal of the seed awn under using the drill seeder. After seeding the rice seed covered with soil of 3cm depth was better seedling emergence and also there was the hightest seedling emergence at the 70% of moisture content of the soil. In addition, the application of the Release containing GA 10% enabled to increase the seedling stand and furthermore it was effective under deep seeding depth. The optimum seeding date should be seeded around May 10 when mean air temperature is above 12-13$^{\circ}C$ so that may establish more less 70% in seedling stand. Based on an appropriate seedling stand of 150/$m^2$, the optimum seeding rate was 5kg/10a. It was the best in seeding method using drill seeder and the most desirable recommended seeding method was the drill seeder in terms of seedling stand. In order to improve seedling stand water management was more effective in canal irrigation and in drainage at 6hr after irrigation following by the seeding process. On the other hand, for the increase of seedling stand under flooded condition a variety might have characters being better germination at low concentration of dissolved oxygen and vertically deeper growing of the crown root. Also, seedling stand was able to increase with the seed coating of $CaO_2$in the flooded soil. It was possible to be seeded on the early part of May being mean air temperature of avove 10$^{\circ}C$ and the optimum seeding rate was 5kg/10a. For an effective water management water would be flooded up to 3cm depth for 2-3 weeks after seeding. The rice plant grown under the direct seeded cultivation might be not so much strong in lodging resistance compared to that grown under the transplanting and moreover direct seeded rice cultivation under flooded condition would be more weak growth of the rice plant than that on dry paddy. Meanwhile, the lodging would be affected by the seeding rate, the soil depth after seeding. and seeding method even in the same variety. In particular, roots in the lodging pattern of direct seeded rice cultivation under flooded condition were largely distributed on the soil surface so that resulted easily in the lodging. In general, the lodging resistance would be greater as seeding rate and amount of N fertilizer application are lower and soil depth after seeding is higher. Among the introduction of different seeding method the high ridged drill seeding method on dry paddy soil resulted in the lowest in the lodging index and also it was lower in the drill seeding method than in the scattering seeding method under flooded condition. In case of more than 150 seedlings per $m^2$ there was a severe lodging due to high lodging index at the 3rd and 4th internodes. The effective lodging prevention was able to at the treatment of the Inabenfide at 45 days before heading and the Uniconazol at 15 days before heading which caused the shortage by 10-15cm in culm length. Also, fertilizer management using split application of nitrogen would be contributed the reduction of lodging at the rate of 20-30-20-20-10%(basal-5th leaf stage-7th leaf stage-panicle initiation stage-heading stage) on the dry paddy soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.178-184
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• 2001

A study was carried out to investigate the effect of rice bran and charcoal meal application on growth in rice and bacterial population in paddy soil. Four different treatments were applied ; at whole layer placement of rice bran 1.8Mg/ha(1.8WR), surface of rice bran 1.8Mg/ha(1.8SR), charcoal meal 3.0Mg/ha(3.00M), and combined rice bran 1.8Mg/ha and charcoal meal 3.0Mg/ha (1.8R+3.0C) through field experiment. $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ in soil were high in the application of 1.8SR and 1.8R+3.0C until heading stage after rice bran application. Amount of nitrogen absorbed by rice plant were the highest in application of 1.8R+3.0C, and the lowest in application of 3.0CM. Rice yield was no differences among treatments. A number of total aerobic bacteria were the highest in application of 1.8R+3.0C at panicle formation stage of rice. Cellulose decomposers were high in application of 1.8SR at tillering stage and in application of 1.8R+3.0C at harvesting stage. The microorganisms of ammonia-oxidizing and denitrifying bacteria showed higher number in the application of 1.8R+3.0C and 1.8SR at tillering stage than heading stage. Azotobacter had tendency to decreased with the passage of time, but increased when rice bran was added. Athiorhodacea were numerous in the application of 1.8WR, but a few in the application of 3.0CM through growing period of rice plant.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.255-263
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• 1996

This study was conducted to evaluate the application effects of three different granular fused magnesium phosphate products on soybean in a volcanic ash upland soil(Namweon series) of Cheju island. They were two domestic products(Kyunggi Chemical Industrial Co., LTD, Pungnong Biryo Industrial Co., LTD) and an imported Chinese product that were manufactured from different added materials. A powder fused magnesium phosphate. a single superphosphate(water soluble phosphatic fertilizer) and a fused superphosphate(mixed water soluble phosphate and 2% citric acid soluble phosphate) were presented as check fertilizers. Yield of soybean was the highest in the Pungnong product of granular fused magnesium phosphate. the next was the Chinese product imported and the Kyunggi product was the lowest but there was no statistical significance among the three granular products of fused magnesium phosphate. There was no clear tendency between yield and yield components of soybean plant however, the effects on the number of mainstem nodes, number of branches nodes and number of pods per plant were observed in the increased yield treaments. Phosphate concentration in stems and pods of soybean plant at harvesting stage was higher than those in stems of soybean plant during growing period. Uptake amounts and recovery rates of phosphate in stems and pods of soybean plant at harvesting stage were similar with the yield increasing tendency on soybean. In the changes of soil pH at different periods, the application of phosphatic fertilizers was increased soil pH. Soil pH in Chinese product was higher than domestic products, but it was similar to single superphosphate. The available silicate concentrations of soil were higher in the plot of Pungnong product than Chinese product.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.134-138
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• 2008

Nerine from south africa and its sparkling flower shape make us estimate it as a hopeful kind of cut follow. There was a few studies on Nerine in korea. We started this study to set bulb propagation methods. The propagation by tissue culture was changeable according to the growth regulators The best growth regulator combination which makes a lot of Bulblet was NAA $0{\sim}0.5$ + BA $0.5{\sim}2.0mg\;{\cdot}\;L^{-1}$ in Nerine bowdenii ‘Favourite’ and Nerine sarniens ‘Red’ respectively. The adjust culture media source for tissue culture were glucose 9% as a carbon source and ($NH_4+NO_3$) 40mM as a nitrogen source. When glucose was used as a carbon source, Bulblet were harvested a little bit low then sucrose but comparative emergence rate was so high that it is good for carbon source in nerine tissue culture. When we consist culture media as MS+BA $1.0mg\;{\cdot}\;L^{-1}$+sucose 7% + ($NH_4+NO_3$) 40mM, the produced Bulblet were reached up to 1.7 each per bulb and emergence rate was up to 100% irrespective of acclimatization period. The suitable culture explant for nerine tissue culture was scale. When scale was cultured with MS+BA $1.0mg\;{\cdot}\;L^{-1}$+sucose 7%, its propagation efficiency was 54 times greater than using growing point. A proper culture part of the scaly leaf was middle part (8 scaly leaf from outer 8th scaly leaf) when middle part was cultured the number of Bulblet were up to 1.8 each per explant.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.121-132
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• 2008

To establish the diagnosis and treatment plan for skeletal Class II malocclusion, patient's skeletal morphology, prognosis as well as the treatment effect is one of the important factor to consider. Therefore, the present study classified analyzed the difference between initial(T1) and after use of activator(T2), and after finish of direct multi-bonding system treatment(T3) for Class II malocclusion during growth period according to the treatment result(effective body length) and morphology of vertical skeletal type. The experimental group was classified into two groups(1 group, 2 group) according to the effective body length change between before and after use of activator, showed good treatment effect of activator for patient with small mandible and large differential between maxilla and mandible, and short anterior facial height. And the difference between 1 and 2 group in the experimental group before treatment(T1) disappeared in the finished treatment(T3). But in contrast, the initial difference of T1 stage between a and b group in the control group did not disappear in the finished treatment(T3). In short, experimental group's treatment effect was much better than contrast group and the treatment effect was maintained and got stable results at comparison experimental group with contrast group. Through this study, we can find activator's treatment effect and stable retention of that in growing Class II malocclusion patients. By estimate of activator treatment effect through these results, we can establish the correct diagnosis and treatment plan for adolescent Class II malocclusion estimate of activator treatment effect and lead the ideal facial growth pattern.