• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.206-216
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• 2022

This study aimed to investigate the frequency of dental visits after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children and adolescents in comparison to that of adults. The data on the number of dental visits on the basis of different classification and treatment codes for all the age groups were provided by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service from January 2017 to December 2020. To reduce the impact of the population change, dental visits per 1000 people was used. After the start of the pandemic, dental visits per 1000 people decreased in all age groups when analyzed for the diseases of pulp and periapical tissues classification code and dental visits per 1000 people decreased over 5 years age groups when analyzed for the pulp treatment code. Regarding the restorative treatment code, visits in the 0 - 19 years age group decreased after the pandemic. Based on the comparison of the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases to that of monthly dental visits by treatment codes, the change rate of pulp and restorative treatments gradually decreased after the waves of the pandemic in February and August 2020 in Korea. Furthermore, dental visits per 1000 people for gingivitis and periodontal disease classification code increased after the pandemic in all age groups. The rate of decrease in dental visits per 1000 people for restorative treatments in children and adolescents was higher than that in adults. The rate of decrease in the number of dental visits for multi-visit pulp treatments showed a rapid decrease as compared to that of 1-visit pulp treatments after the pandemic. This study identified changes in the number of dental visits of children and adolescents after COVID-19 transmission in comparison to that observed in adults.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.84-92
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• 2010

Objectives: To investigate the patterns of unintentional home injuries in Korea. Methods: The study population was 12,382,088 people who utilized National Health Insurance services due to injuries (main diagnosis codes S00 to T28) during 2006. Stratified samples(n=459,501) were randomly selected by sex, age group and severity of injury. A questionnaire was developed based on the International Classification of External Causes of Injury and 18,000 cases surveyed by telephone were analyzed after being projected into population proportionately according to the response rates of their strata. Domestic injury cases were finally included. Results: Domestic injuries (n=3,804) comprised 21.1% of total daily life injuries during 2006. Women were vulnerable to home injuries, with the elderly and those of lower income (medical-aid users) tending to suffer more severe injuries. Injury occurred most often due to a slipping fall (33.9%), overexertion (15.3%), falling (9.5%) and stumbling (9.4%), with severe injury most often resulting from slipping falls, falls and stumbles. Increasing age correlated with domestic injury-related disability. Conclusions: The present findings provide basic information for development of home injury prevention strategies, with focus on the elderly.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.26-32
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• 2008

Video compression schemes have been developed and used for many years. Currently, H.264/AVC is the most efficient video coding standard. The H.264/AVC baseline profile adopts CAVLC(Context-Adaptive Variable Length Coding) method as an entropy coding method. CAVLC gives better performance in compression ratios than conventional VLC(Variable Length Coding). However, because CAVLC decoder uses a lot of VLC tables, the CAVLC decoder requires a lot of area in terms of hardware. Conversely, since it must look up the VLC tables, it gives a worse performance in terms of software. In this paper, we propose a new hierarchical grouping method for the VLC tables. We can obtain an index of codes in the reconstructed VLC tables by simple arithmetic operations. In this method, the VLC tables are accessed just once in decoding a symbol. We modeled the proposed algorithm in C language, compiled under ARM ADS1.2 and simulated it with Armulator. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm reduces execution time by about 80% and 15% compared with the H.264/AVC reference program JM(Joint Model) 10.2 and the arithmetic operation algorithm which is recently proposed, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.15
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• pp.119-140
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• 1988

This paper is the study on the Medium Designator in Non-book materials. Main contents of this study were as follows; 1. The medium designator serves to indicate the class of material to which an item belongs. This is used to give an 'early warning' ;to the catalogue user. 2. This medium designator may be further divided into two elements ; a general material designation (GMD), for example video-recording, and a specific material designation (SMD), for example, videodisc. 3. GMD: In cataloging, a term indicating the broad class of material to which a bibliographic item belongs, such as 'motion picture', and SMD : In descriptive cataloging, a term indicating the special class of material (usually the class of physical object) to which a biblographic item belongs, such as videocassette. 4. Locating the medium designator after the title proper was not prescribed until ISBD(G) and AACR2. In pre-ISBD(G) codes, the ,early, warning type of medium designator was placed after all title information. But in AACR2, the medium designator is placed after the title proper, but before parellel title and other title information. 5. In Terminology, Two separate lists of designations are given in AACR2, l.1C1, one for British and one for North American use. The British list contains fewer terms, and uses generic categories to group together some of the North American list. 6. The problem of where to place the medium designator might be circumvented by using some kind of early alerting device other than a formal element of biblliographic description. Various alternatives have been suggested. A more popular device is the provision of symbols or 'media code' which are part of the call number and indicate the porticular medium type. 'Colour-coding' the use of used by some libraries but is now longly discouraged. 7. According to Frost. The medium designatorhas been generally reeognized as serving three functions; 1) as a statement of the nature or basic format of the item cataloged and thus as a meant of informing the user as to the type of material at hand; 2) as a description of the physical charaetistics of medium and as a means of alerting the user to equipment needed to make use of the item. 3) as a device to distinguish different physical formats which share the same title. 8. AACR2 raises some problems which decision makers have neet had to face preriously It provides a GMD for every item in the collection including books and it makes the application of any or all GMD's optional.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.5 s.67
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• pp.233-242
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate communication efficacy of advertisement text through audience responses. This study approached qualitatively to KT&G TV commercials. The research proceeded as follows: First, as background theory, studies on audience focusing advertisement criticism and the interpretation of advertising texts were reviewed. Secondly, the characteristics of the audiences of the advertisements, analyzed through in-depth individual interviews as well as group interviews, were incorporated into a broad theme and then divided into different dimensions. Finally, the audiences' decoding code and critic reponses in reading ambiguous advertising texts, and the interrelationship between strategic ambiguity were discussed under a unified model. The major findings of this study are as follows: In interpreting the ambiguous advertising texts, the audiences use various decoding codes such as language, visuals, technology and rhetoric, and various critic responses such as linguistic, macroscopic, schematic, non-verbal and socio-cultural factors, in quite comprehensive manner. Also, it was shown that audiences make use of different decoding strategies in terms of their recognition, reliability, emotional attitude, and behavior. It can therefore be concluded that the strategic ambiguity has its limit in explaining its effectiveness in the entire dimensions of recognition, emotional attitude, and behavior, in the sense that the strategic ambiguity is most effective in recognition while it invokes more negativity in the behavioral dimension. Finally, this empirical study, focusing on qualitative analyses, may have its limit as well; however, deeper statistic-qualitative studies in the future could compensate for it.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.109-119
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• 2016

Objectives : The aim of this study is to give a statistical basis for the characteristics of patients who received cooperative medical care after being referred from Western medical departments to the Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion in a Korean medical hospital. Methods : The request records were searched for cooperative medical treatment at the Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion in a Korean medical hospital between September 1st, 2011 and August 31, 2016, based on the Order Communication system(OCS). The records were reviewed and retrospectively analyzed according to the patient's general characteristics, the chief diagnosis code based on the 7th Korean standard classification of diseases(KCD-7) before and after the cooperative medical care in the Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, and the actual treatment measures which patients received as a result of the cooperative medical care. Results : Among the 2702 records, 1549 patients were included in the analysis. The male to female ratio was 1 : 1.17. Sexagenarians formed the highest age group and the number of patients whose age was over 50 was 1176(75.92 %). The surgery department requested the cooperative care from the department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion for the highest number of patients, 1194(77.08 %). When analysing specific medical departments, Neurosurgery, General Surgery, Neurology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Physical medicine and rehabilitation followed. The frequency of chief diagnosis code used before the cooperative medical care was in the order of I, C, G, S, and M code, from highest to lowest. The order of the codes after the cooperative medical care was the same. Acupuncture treatment was the most frequently-used measure after the cooperative medical care. Following were infrared, moxibustion, transfer, herbal acupuncture, cupping, electroacupuncture, and so on. Conclusion : This study provides a statistical basis for the demands placed on the Department of Acupunture and Moxibustion for cooperative medical care with the Western medical department. Based on the present condition of cooperative medical care, more preparation and effort is required for its activation.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.43-55
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• 2019

Smart phone based navigation applications are very useful in everyday life. Cost-effective and user friendly navigation can be provided to the user by many applications available in market. Using the Smart phone these navigation applications provide accurate navigation for outdoor locations. But providing an accurate navigation underground space such as subway station is still a challenge. It is hence more convenient and appropriate for mobility services if the visitors could simply view the guidance of the subway station on their mobile phone, wherever and whenever it is needed. This study develops a algorithm for indoor navigation with the help of Augmented Reality(AR) and QR marker code from the entrance to the train platform for users. This indoor navigation uses AR and QR maker codes for two purposes: to provide the user link to the subway station location and to provide the current guidance details to the user. This Smart phone algorithm that uses a smart phone optical tool to decode the QR marker to determine the location information and provide guidance to the AR without indoor Maps. This algorithm also provides a module to guide mobility vulnerable to the Barrier Free route to destination.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.143-152
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• 2019

In this paper, the towing stability of the LNG bunker barge was estimated. Currently, LNG bunkering barge is being developed for the bunkering of LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas), an eco-friendly energy source. Since the LNG bunkering barge assumes the form of a towed ship connected to the tow line, the towing stability of the LNG bunker barge is crucial f not only for the safety of the LNG bunker barge but also the neighboring sailing vessels. In the initial stages, a numerical code for towing simulation was developed to estimate the towing stability of the LNG bunkering barge. The MMG (Maneuvering Mathematical modeling Group) model was applied to the equations of motion while the empirical formula was applied to the maneuvering coefficients for use in the initial design stage. To validate the developed numerical code, it was compared with published calculation and model test results. Towing simulations were done based on the changing skeg area and the towing position of the LNG bunkering barge using the developed numerical codes. As a result, the suitability of the designed stern skeg area was confirmed.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.73-87
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• 2021

Pile-supported wharf is a structure that can transmit and receive cargo, and it is mainly installed on saturated inclined ground. In the seismic design of these structures, the codes suggest using the response spectrum analysis method as a preliminary design method. However, guideline on modeling method for pile-supported wharf installed in saturated soil is lacking. Therefore, in this study, the dynamic centrifuge model test and response spectrum analysis were performed to evaluate the seismic performance of pile-supported wharf installed into the saturated soil. For the test, some sections (3×3 pile group) among the pile-supported wharf were selected, and they were classified into two model (dry and saturated sand model). Then the response spectrum analysis was performed by using the soil spring method to the test model. As a result of test and analysis, the m om ent difference occurred within a m axim um of 51% in the dry sand m odel and the saturated sand model where liquefaction does not occur, and it was found that the pile moment by depth was properly simulated. Therefore, in the case of these models, it is appropriate to perform the modeling using the Terzaghi (1955) constant of horizontal subgrade reaction (n_h)

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.377-392
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• 2017

A set of BFM (Brute Force Method) simulations with the CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality) model were conducted in order to estimate self-contributions and conversion rates of PPM (Primary $PM_{2.5}$), $NO_x$, $SO_2$, $NH_3$, and VOC emissions to $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations over the SMA (Seoul Metropolitan Area). CAPSS (Clean Air Policy Support System) 2013 EI (emissions inventory) from the NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research) was used for the base and sensitivity simulations. SCCs (Source Classification Codes) in the EI were utilized to group the emissions into area, mobile, and point source categories. PPM and $PM_{2.5}$ precursor emissions from each source category were reduced by 50%. In turn, air quality was simulated with CMAQ during January, April, July, and October in 2014 for the BFM runs. In this study, seasonal variations of SMA $PM_{2.5}$ self-sensitivities to PPM, $SO_2$, and $NH_3$ emissions can be observed even when the seasonal emission rates are almost identical. For example, when the mobile PPM emissions from the SMA were 634 TPM (Tons Per Month) and 603 TPM in January and July, self-contributions of the emissions to monthly mean $PM_{2.5}$ were $2.7{\mu}g/m^3$ and $1.3{\mu}g/m^3$ for the months, respectively. Similarly, while $NH_3$ emissions from area sources were 4,169 TPM and 3,951 TPM in January and July, the self-contributions to monthly mean $PM_{2.5}$ for the months were $2.0{\mu}g/m^3$ and $4.4{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Meanwhile, emission-to-$PM_{2.5}$ conversion rates of precursors vary among source categories. For instance, the annual mean conversion rates of the SMA mobile, area, and point sources were 19.3, 10.8, and $6.6{\mu}g/m^3/10^6TPY$ for $SO_2$ emissions while those rates for PPM emissions were 268.6, 207.7, and 181.5 (${\mu}g/m^3/10^6TPY$), respectively, over the region. The results demonstrate that SMA $PM_{2.5}$ responses to the same amount of reduction in precursor emissions differ for source categories and in time (e.g. seasons), which is important when the cost-benefit analysis is conducted during air quality improvement planning. On the other hand, annual mean $PM_{2.5}$ sensitivities to the SMA $NO_x$ emissions remains still negative even after a 50% reduction in emission category which implies that more aggressive $NO_x$ reductions are required for the SMA to overcome '$NO_x$ disbenefit' under the base condition.