• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.529-533
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• 2023

The fundamental electrochemical properties and adsorption capabilities of the carbonized product derived from coffee grounds, a prevalent form of lignocellulose abundantly generated in our daily lives, have been extensively investigated. The structure and morphology of the resultant carbonized product, obtained through a carbonization process conducted at a relatively low temperature of 600 ℃, were meticulously examined using a scanning electron microscope. Raman spectroscopy measurements yielded a relative crystallinity (D/G ratio) of the carbon product of 0.64. Electrical measurements revealed a linear ohmic relationship within the carbonized product. Furthermore, the viability of utilizing this carbonized material as an anode in lithium-ion batteries was evaluated through half-cell charge/discharge experiments, demonstrating an initial specific capacity of 520 mAh/g. Additionally, the adsorption performance of the carbon material towards a representative dye molecule was assessed via UV spectroscopy analyses. Supplementary experiments corroborated the material's ability to adsorb a distinct model molecule characterized by differing surface polarity, achieved through surface modification. This article presents pivotal findings that hold substantial implications for forthcoming research endeavors centered around the recycling of lignocellulose waste.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.241-260
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• 1995

The Maori's traditional clothing materials, basic forms of dress, and the pattern and technique of tatoo were examined in the present study in order to deepen the appreciation of the cultural heritage of the Maori. The research method employed was the analysis of written materials. And a fild-trip was also made for the study. The study was limitted to the traditional culture of body adornment of the Maori including the clothing which is preserved and practicing by them at the present day, and the origin and the process of the historical development of those are not included in the scope of the present study. Followings are the results of the study: (1) By far the most widely used fiber for Maori clothing is abtained from what is commonly called New Zealand Flax. The fiber of kiekie(Freycinetia baueriana) and cabbage trees(Cordyline spp.) may also be used. The strong, long-lasting fiber of toi(cordyline indivisa) is used for a prestige warrior's cloak. Flat strips of ti kauka(Cordyline australi) are also used as thatch on rain cloaks. (2) Regardless of technique used, Maori weaving is always worked horizontally from left to right. Traditionally the work was suspended between two upright turuturu or weaving sticks. As the work progressed a second pair of uprights was used to keep the work off the ground. These uprights were moved forward as required. Because the weaver sat on the ground, the working edge was kept at a height that was comfortable to reach. No weaving tools are used, the wefts(aho) being manipulated by the fingers. The two main Maori weaving techniques are whatu aho patahi(single-pair twining) and whatu aho rua(double-pair twining). (3) The Maori wore two basic garments - a waist met and a cloak. The cloth of commoners were of plain manufacture, while those of people of rank were superior, sometimes being decorated with feather or dyed tags and decorated borders. Children ran more-or-less naked until puberty, being dressed only for special events. Some working dress consisted of nothing more than belts with leaves thrust under them. Chiefs and commoners usually went barefoot, using rough sandals on journeys over rough country (4) The adornment of men and women of rank was an important matter of tribal concern as it was in chiefly persons that prestige of the group was centred, The durable items of Maori persons adornment were either worn or carried. Ornaments of various kinds were draped about the neck or suspended from pierced earlobes. Combs decorated the head. Personal decorations not only enhanced the appearance of men and women, but many had protective magical function. The most evident personal ornament was the hei-tiki made of jade or other material. Maori weapons were treasured by their owners. They served on bottle and were also personal regalia. A man of rank was not fully dressed without a weapon in hand. Also weapons were essential to effective oratory. (5) No man or woman of rank went without some tattoo adornment except in extremely rare instances when a person was too sacred to have any blood shed. The untattooed were marked as beeing commoners of no social standing. This indelible mark of rank was begun, with appropriate rite and ritual, at puberty. And tattoo marked the person as being of a marriageable age. Maori tattoo was unlike most traditional tattoo in that its main line were 'engraved' on the face with deep cuts made by miniature bone chisels. The fill-in areas were not tattooed with cuts but with the multiple pricks of small bone 'combs' that only lightly penetrated the skin surface. The instrument of tattoo consisted of small pots of pumice or wood into which was placed a wetted black pigment made from burnt kauri gum, burnt vegetable caterpillars or other sooty materials. A bird bone chisel or comb set at right angles on a short wooden handle was dipped into the gigment, that a rod or stick was used to tap head of this miniature adze, causing penetration of the skin surface. Black pigment lodged under the skin took on a bluish tinge. A full made facial tattoo consisted of major spirals with smaller spirals on each side of the nose and sweeping curved lines radiating out from between the brows over the forehead and from the nose to the chin. The major patterns were cut deep, while the secondary koru patterns were lightly pricked into the skin.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.3
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• pp.320-329
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• 2017

This study aims to evaluate whether the accuracy of LiDAR DEM is affected by the changes of the five input levels ('1','3','5','7' and '9') of median parameter ($F_{md}$), mean parameter ($F_{mn}$) of the Filtering Algorithm (FA) in the GroundFilter module and median parameter ($I_{md}$), mean parameter ($I_{mn}$) of the Interpolation Algorithm (IA) in the GridSurfaceCreate module of the FUSION in order to present the combination of parameter levels producing the most accurate LiDAR DEM. The accuracy is measured by the residuals calculated by difference between the field elevation values and their corresponding DEM elevation values. A multi-way ANOVA is used to statistically examine whether there are effects of parameter level changes on the means of the residuals. The Tukey HSD is conducted as a post-hoc test. The results of the multi- way ANOVA test show that the changes in the levels of $F_{md}$, $F_{mn}$, $I_{mn}$ have significant effects on the DEM accuracy with the significant interaction effect between $F_{md}$ and $F_{mn}$. Therefore, the level of $F_{md}$, $F_{mn}$, and the interaction between two variables are considered to be factors affecting the accuracy of LiDAR DEM as well as the level of $I_{mn}$. As the results of the Tukey HSD test on the combination levels of $F_{md}{\ast}F_{mn}$, the mean of residuals of the '$9{\ast}3$' combination provides the highest accuracy while the '$1{\ast}1$' combination provides the lowest one. Regarding $I_{mn}$ levels, the mean of residuals of the both '3' and '1' provides the highest accuracy. This study can contribute to improve the accuracy of the forest attributes as well as the topographic information extracted from the LiDAR data.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.315-321
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• 2012

Fate of acetamiprid and imidacloprid aerially sprayed to control pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) were studied in a forest of Haman area. Acetamiprid 20% SL or imidacloprid 20% DC were diluted 100 times and applied two times as rate of 50 L/ha using an aircraft of Bell 206 L helicopter. Average acetamiprid deposits on forest floor ranged from 2 to 4% of standard aerial application rate. Following to the second application, acetamiprid deposits in the pine needle ranged 1.8~8.5 mg/kg and then gradually decreased to 1.2~2.1 mg/kg after 48 days. Deposits on the plant washed off by rainfall and reached to soil surface was ca. 17% of the application rate. All of acetamiprid on the ground resided in the forest floor covering the soil surface, where acetamiprid residues were decreased to a quarter at 48 days after the second application, but they were not detected in soil beneath it. And the only low level of acetamiprid residues, 0.0003 mg/L, was detected in the reservoir nearby the experimental forest on the day of aerial application. The acetamiprid detection was presumably due to spray drift. And average imidacloprid deposits on forest floor ranged from 1 to 3% of standard aerial application rate. Following to the second application, imidacloprid deposits in the pine needle analysed very low concentration of 0.1 mg/kg, but the amount of imidacloprid in wash-off in standard and two-fold treatment were ca. 8% and 4% of the application rate, respectively. Most of imidacloprid on the ground also resided in the forest floor, where imidacloprid residues were decreased to a twentieth at 111 days after the second application, and they were detected below 0.5% of the application rate in sol beneath it. And the low level of imidacloprid, 0.0003~0.0017 mg/L, were detected in the streams in the experimental forest. It was not to the level of contamination concerns.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.4-23
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• 2013

Songsalli Ancient Tombs of Gongju consists of seven tombs. King Muryeong's tomb, the seventh tomb, is a brick chamber tomb discovered during the drainage works for the fifth and the sixth tombs in 1971. The excavation at the time focused on topographic surveys of the tomb entrance and the inside of the burial chamber as well as collection of the remains. The burial mount survey confirmed the status of some stone slab remaining and lime-mixed soil layers, but the survey did not examine the exterior structure of the whole tomb as the mounds were removed even more deeply. The excavation revealed damages to the bricks and mural damages due to moisture and fungus in the sixth and the seventh tombs. Between 1996 and 1997, Gongju National University conducted a comprehensive detailed survey of Songsalli Ancient Tombs including a geophysical survey, with an aim to identify the root causes of such degradation. Based on the results, repair took place in 1999 and the fifth, sixth and seventh tombs were placed under permanent conservation to conserve the cultural assets. General public is currently denied access. The purpose of this study was to conduct a three-dimensional resistivity and GPR surveys on the ground surface of the fifth, sixth and seventh tombs of Songsalli Ancient Tombs in order to understand the underground status after repair. The study also aimed to understand the thickness of all the tomb walls and exterior structure based on GPR inside King Muryeong's tomb. The exploration on the ground surface found that the three tombs and soil adjacent to the tombs had resistivity as low as 5 to $90{\Omega}m$, which confirmed that the soil water content was still as high as that prior to the repair work. Additionally, GPR found that the wall construction of the burial chamber of King Muryeong's tomb was approximately 70cm in thickness, while the structure was of 2B with two bricks, about 35cm in length, put together longitudinally(2B brick masonry). The pathway to the burial chamber was of the 2B structure just like that of the burial chamber walls, while its thickness was 80cm with an eyebrow-type arch connected to it. Also, the ceiling exterior appears to have an arch structure, identical to the shape inside.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.65-81
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• 2021

In this study, soil moisture and evapotranspiration were calculated throughout South Korea using the Korea Land Data Assimilation System(KLDAS) of the Korea-Land Surface Information System(K-LIS) built on the basis of the Land Information System (LIS). The hydrometeorological data sets used to drive K-LIS and build KLDAS are MERRA-2(Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, version 2) GDAS(Global Data Assimilation System) and ASOS(Automated Synoptic Observing System) data. Since ASOS is a point-based observation, it was converted into grid data with a spatial resolution of 0.125° for the application of KLDAS(ASOS-S, ASOS-Spatial). After comparing the hydrometeorological data sets applied to KLDAS against the ground-based observation, the mean of R² ASOS-S, MERRA-2, and GDAS were analyzed as temperature(0.994, 0.967, 0.975), pressure(0.995, 0.940, 0.942), humidity (0.993, 0.895, 0.915), and rainfall(0.897, 0.682, 0.695), respectively. For the hydrologic output comparisons, the mean of R² was ASOS-S(0.493), MERRA-2(0.56) and GDAS (0.488) in soil moisture, and the mean of R² was analyzed as ASOS-S(0.473), MERRA-2(0.43) and GDAS(0.615) in evapotranspiration. MERRA-2 and GDAS are quality-controlled data sets using multiple satellite and ground observation data, whereas ASOS-S is grid data using observation data from 103 points. Therefore, it is concluded that the accuracy is lowered due to the error from the distance difference between the observation data. If the more ASOS observation are secured and applied in the future, the less error due to the gridding will be expected with the increased accuracy.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.27
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• pp.245-282
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• 2016

Currently, the whole world is being swept away by spiritual movements seeking divinity in oneself. Yet there are terror attacks, religious disputes and other conflicts continuously taking place on larger and larger scales as well as expanding further and further throughout the world. Interreligious harmony seems like a distant ideal. What is the ultimate cause of religious conflicts? Is interreligious communication truly that difficult? Even among different cultures, said cultures' varieties of ritual expressions, and various religious doctrines, there are points of general common to be appreciated if a deep perspective is adopted. When we find the common ground and understand each other's difference, it will be easier to communicate since everyone will be learning from each other. What could serve as common ground for different religions? Many scholars speak about the state of 'oneness' that is claimed by mysticism throughout a large array of religions. This state of oneness is typically not achieved overnight, but it serves as a prospective state which is pluralistically inclusive. This "religion of enlightenment" emphasizes the process of reaching comprehensive interreligious agreement would be characterized by a deep religious perspective. If superficial religious perspectives focuses only on faith to attain blessings and engage in blind belief, then, by contrast, deep religious perspectives emphasize inner divinity, the true self, orthe higher self. The words, 'superficial religious perspective' and 'deep religious perspective' were defined for personal convenience by O Gang-nam, a scholar of comparative religion. Consequently, this classification is a relative binary concept lacking hard and fast rules with regards to distinctions. But the concept of superficial religious perspectives and deep religious perspectives has its advantage in allowing clearer and easier discussion about religions because it could embrace all aspects of religious life and the development of various religious sentiment. In this way, the terms surface religious perspectives and deep religious perspectives will be used in limited framework. I both borrow this concept and reconsider it by referring to other scholars' methods of classification. From that point, I explore and these views in relation to religious experience. How does religiosity develop, maturity of religious faith take place, deep awareness of truth reveal itself, or an attitude of open-mindedness arise? After these states are realized, is interreligious agreement possible? Most religious studies scholars point out 'religious experience.' They say people could develop their faith from superficial religious beliefs into a more mature and deeper faith through religious experience while continuously aspiring towards enlightenment and practicing their religion in daily life. This study will try to examine aspects of superficial religious perspectives and deep religious perspectives represented in each religion and also explore criticism of each religion. With this view of superficial religious perspectives and deep religious perspectives, some cases documenting the religious experience of Daesoonjinrihoe disciples will be analyzed to see how their religiosity develops from superficial religious perspectives into deep religious perspectives through certain religious experiences. The characteristics of those experiences will also be investigated.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2016

With increasing interest, there have been studies on LiDAR(Light Detection And Ranging)-based DEM(Digital Elevation Model) to acquire three dimensional topographic information. For producing LiDAR DEM with better accuracy, Filtering process is crucial, where only surface reflected LiDAR points are left to construct DEM while non-surface reflected LiDAR points need to be removed from the raw LiDAR data. In particular, the changes of input values for filtering algorithm-constructing parameters are supposed to produce different products. Therefore, this study is aimed to contribute to better understanding the effects of the changes of the levels of GroundFilter Algrothm's Mean parameter(GFmn) embedded in FUSION software on the accuracy of the LiDAR DEM products, using LiDAR data collected for Hwacheon, Yangju, Gyeongsan and Jangheung watershed experimental area. The effect of GFmn level changes on the products' accuracy is estimated by measuring and comparing the residuals between the elevations at the same locations of a field and different GFmn level-produced LiDAR DEM sample points. In order to test whether there are any differences among the five GFmn levels; 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9, One-way ANOVA is conducted. In result of One-way ANOVA test, it is found that the change in GFmn level significantly affects the accuracy (F-value: 4.915, p<0.01). After finding significance of the GFmn level effect, Tukey HSD test is also conducted as a Post hoc test for grouping levels by the significant differences. In result, GFmn levels are divided into two subsets ('7, 5, 9, 3' vs. '1'). From the observation of the residuals of each individual level, it is possible to say that LiDAR DEM is generated most accurately when GFmn is given as 7. Through this study, the most desirable parameter value can be suggested to produce filtered LiDAR DEM data which can provide the most accurate elevation information.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.18 no.1 s.91
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• pp.21-28
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• 2006

This paper presents both experimental and analytical studies for the development of an ECC(Engineered Cementitious Composites) using ground granulated blast furnace slag(slag). This material has been focused on achieving moderately high composite strength while maintaining high ductility, represented by strain-hardening behavior in uniaxial tension. In the material development, micromechanics was adopted to properly select optimized range of the composition based on steady-state cracking theory and experimental studies on matrix, and interfacial properties. A single fiber pullout test and a wedge splitting test were employed to measure the bond properties of the fiber in a matrix and the fracture toughness of mortar matrix. The addition of the slag resulted in slight increases in the frictional bond strength and the fracture toughness. Subsequent direct tensile tests demonstrate that the fiber reinforced mortar exhibited high ductile uniaxial tension behavior with a maximum strain capacity of 3.6%. Both ductility and tensile strength(~5.3 MPa) of the composite produced with slag were measured to be significantly higher than those of the composite without slag. The slag particles contribute to improving matrix strength and fiber dispersion, which is incorporated with enhanced workability attributed to the oxidized grain surface. This result suggests that, within the limited slag dosage employed in the present study, the contribution of slag particles to the workability overwhelms the side-effect of decreased potential of saturated multiple cracking.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.203-218
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• 2010

The site categorization and corresponding site amplification factors in the current Korean seismic design guideline are based on provisions for the western United States (US), although the site effects resulting in the amplification of earthquake ground motions are directly dependent on the regional and local site characteristic conditions. In these seismic codes, two amplification factors called site coefficients, $F_a$ and $F_v$, for the short-period band and midperiod band, respectively, are listed according to a criterion, mean shear wave velocity ($V_S$) to a depth of 30 m, into five classes composed of A to E. To suggest a site classification system reflecting Korean site conditions, in this study, systematic site characterization was carried out at four regional areas, Gyeongju, Hongsung, Haemi and Sacheon, to obtain the $V_S$ profiles from surface to bedrock in field and the non-linear soil properties in laboratory. The soil deposits in Korea, which were shallower and stiffer than those in the western US, were examined, and thus the site period in Korea was distributed in the low and narrow band comparing with those in western US. Based on the geotechnical characteristic properties obtained in the field and laboratory, various site-specific seismic response analyses were conducted for total 75 sites by adopting both equivalent-linear and non-linear methods. The analysis results showed that the site coefficients specified in the current Korean provision underestimate the ground motion in the short-period range and overestimate in the mid-period range. These differences can be explained by the differences in the local site characteristics including the depth to bedrock between Korea and western US. Based on the analysis results in this study and the prior research results for the Korean peninsula, new site classification system was developed by introducing the site period as representative criterion and the mean $V_S$ to a depth of shallower than 30 m as additional criterion, to reliably determine the ground motions and the corresponding design spectra taking into account the regional site characteristics in Korea.