• Title/Summary/Keyword: Ground Operations

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A Fuzzy AHP based Decision making Model for ground operations (지상작전수립을 위한 Fuzzy-AHP 기반의 의사결정 모델 연구)

  • Lee, Young-Kyun;Kim, Ki-Ang;Na, Hong-Bum;Park, Jin-Woo
    • Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.159-165
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    • 2008
  • The ROK army has equipped ATCIS (Army Tactical Control Information System) for the Corps echelon to visualize the battlefield and reduce the reaction time. Due to the information&surveillance equipment, uncertainty and variance of the battlefield have been decreased. However decision making for the ground operations has not changed as it depends on knowledge of the commander and staffs. The War game process to select and assess the best CoA (Course of Action) also depends on the pros and cons due to the limitation of time and capability. For the balanced development between intangible and tangible military strength, a new decision making process which is quantitative and useful for the military is needed. In this study, we suggest a Fuzzy-AHP based decision making model to improve troop leading procedure which is useful to evaluate and reflect intangible characteristics of the battlefield.

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Analysis of Relative Combat Power with Expert System (전문가 시스템을 이용한 상대적 전투력 분석)

  • Han, Seung-Jo
    • Journal of Digital Convergence
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    • v.14 no.6
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    • pp.143-150
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    • 2016
  • This paper's aim is to suggest the Expert System for analyzing relative combat power in ground operations. Since relative combat power analysis in terms of comparing combat power of friendly forces with one of the enemy can determine how the commander and staffs operate their unit afterwards, it requires fast and rational decision-making process. However, it has relied on manual method so far though Tactical Information Communications Network(TICN) into which numbers of applications can be loaded has been developed over a decade. 3 methods for analyzing relative combat power were expressed as mathematic rules to be used knowledge in the expert system after reviewing previous studies, and it studied how intangible power as well as tangible were reflected on total combat power. The expert system that will be built using EXSYS Corvid tool is expected to lessen error rate, provide faster decision-making, and reflect both intangible combat power and tangible one by using an appropriate weights in analyzing relative combat power. Next research filed includes how to build expert systems related with military personnel and intelligence areas for fast and rational decision-making processes.

The proposal of a cryptographic method for the communication message security of GCS to support safe UAV operations (안정적인 UAV 운영을 위한 GCS의 통신메시지의 암호화 제안)

  • Kim, Byoung-Kug;Hong, Sung-Hwa;Kang, Jiheon
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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    • v.25 no.10
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    • pp.1353-1358
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    • 2021
  • IoT (Internet of Things) emerges from various technologies such as communications, micro processors and embedded system and so on. The IoT has also been used to UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) system. In manned aircraft, a pilot and co-pilot should control FCS (Flight Control System) with FBW(Fly By Wire) system for flight operation. In contrast, the flight operation in UAV system is remotely and fully managed by GCS (Ground Control System) almost in real time. To make it possible the communication channel should be necessary between the UAV and the GCS. There are many protocols between two systems. Amongst them, MAVLink (Macro Air Vehicle Link) protocol is representatively used due to its open architecture. MAVLink does not define any securities itself, which results in high vulnerability from external attacks. This paper proposes the method to enhance data security in GCS network by applying cryptographic methods to the MAVLink messages in order to support safe UAV operations.

Efforts against Cybersecurity Attack of Space Systems

  • Jin-Keun Hong
    • Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.437-445
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    • 2023
  • A space system refers to a network of sensors, ground systems, and space-craft operating in space. The security of space systems relies on information systems and networks that support the design, launch, and operation of space missions. Characteristics of space operations, including command and control (C2) between space-craft (including satellites) and ground communication, also depend on wireless frequency and communication channels. Attackers can potentially engage in malicious activities such as destruction, disruption, and degradation of systems, networks, communication channels, and space operations. These malicious cyber activities include sensor spoofing, system damage, denial of service attacks, jamming of unauthorized commands, and injection of malicious code. Such activities ultimately lead to a decrease in the lifespan and functionality of space systems, and may result in damage to space-craft and, lead to loss of control. The Cybersecurity Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Common Knowledge (ATT&CK) matrix, proposed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology Research and Engineering (MITRE), consists of the following stages: Reconnaissance, Resource Development, Initial Access, Execution, Persistence, Privilege Escalation, Defense Evasion, Credential Access, Discovery, Lateral Movement, Collection, Command & Control, Exfiltration, and Impact. This paper identifies cybersecurity activities in space systems and satellite navigation systems through the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)'s standard documents, former U.S. President Trump's executive orders, and presents risk management activities. This paper also explores cybersecurity's tactics attack techniques within the context of space systems (space-craft) by referencing the Sparta ATT&CK Matrix. In this paper, security threats in space systems analyzed, focusing on the cybersecurity attack tactics, techniques, and countermeasures of space-craft presented by Space Attack Research and Tactic Analysis (SPARTA). Through this study, cybersecurity attack tactics, techniques, and countermeasures existing in space-craft are identified, and an understanding of the direction of application in the design and implementation of safe small satellites is provided.

Alternative Scheme of INS-Dependent Positioning for Relative Navigation without GRUs (GRU 부재 상대항법에서의 INS 의존 측위 대체 방안)

  • Kim, Ki-hyoung;Lee, Kyu-man;Lim, Jae-sung
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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    • v.40 no.12
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    • pp.2520-2527
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    • 2015
  • Position information is important to carry out military operations. In general, GPS is used to estimate position. However, GPS is vulnerable to jamming due to the low received signal strength, therefore GPS can be easily jammed. The relative navigation is an auxiliary navigation system defined in JTIDS. When GPS is jammed, the relative navigation requires ground reference units on the ground to operate accurately. If the ground reference unit does not exist, nodes operated by the relative navigation depend on the inertial navigation system to identify their position. However, this positioning scheme based on only INS causes accumulative position error, therefore the nodes cannot identify their position accurately for a long time. In this paper, we propose an alternative to reduce position error generated by depending inertial navigation system. In order to verify that the performance of proposed scheme is better than that of the existing scheme, various simulations are conducted.

Mission Control System for KOMPSAT-2 Operations (다목적 실용위성2호 관제시스템 운용)

  • Jeong, Won-Chan;Lee, Byeong-Seon;Lee, Sang-Uk;Kim, Jae-Hun
    • Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
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    • v.1 no.2
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    • pp.76-82
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    • 2006
  • The Mission Control System for KOMPSAT-2 was developed by ETRI and is being operated at Satellite Control Center at KARI to monitor and control KOMPSAT-2 (KOrea Multi-Purpose Satellite) which was launched in July 28th, 2006. MCE provides the functions such as telemetry reception and processing, telecommand generation and transmission, satellite tracking and ranging, orbit prediction and determination, attitude maneuver planning, satellite simulation, etc. KOMPSAT-2 is the successor of KOMPSAT-1 which is an earth-observation satellite. KOMPSAT-2 has higher resolution image taking ability due to MSC (Multi Spectral Camera) payload in the satellite and precise orbit and attitude determination by Mission Control System. It can produce one meter resolution image compared to six meter resolution image by KOMPSAT-1.

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Analysis of Muscular Activity of Tibialis Anterior Muscle and Gastrocnemius Muscle in Functional Reach Test of Elderly According to Different Surfaces (기능적 팔 뻗기 시 지면에 따른 앞정강근과 장딴지근의 근활성도 비교)

  • Park, Jeong-Seo;Nam, Yeon-Kyeong;Kim, Moon-Jeong;Yoon, Se-Won
    • Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.25-30
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    • 2011
  • Purpose : This study aims to examine the changes of muscle activity of the tibialis anterior muscle and the gastrocnemius muscle on the ground and unstable ground for functional reach test. Methods : This study chose 24 elderly men and 24 elderly women who could walk independently, reach their arm over 25 cm, show shoulder joint $90^{\circ}$ flexion, had no operations on lower limb joints, and don't take medication affecting the ability to keep balance. Muscular activity of the tibialis anterior muscle and the gastrocnemius muscle was measured using functional reach test and electromyogram. Functional reach test was conducted at a total of four sections, 0cm, 15cm, 20cm, and 25cm. Results : It was known that the gastrocnemius muscle was used more than the tibialis anterior muscle to keep balance and the elderly with good balance ability showed no great change of muscular activity on both the stable and unstable ground. Conclusion : It was found that the subjects used their gastrocnemius muscle more and lower limbs of frequently used parts to keep their balance. As the elderly have good balance ability, they showed no great change of muscular activity on both the stable and unstable ground.

Network Configuration Study for Multi-Satellite Operations (다중위성운영을 위한 네트워크 구성 방안 연구)

  • Baek, Hyun Chul;Jang, In Sik;Lee, Sang Jeong;Kim, Byung Chul;Lee, Jae Yong
    • Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.1-9
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    • 2019
  • Integration of satellites with diverse missions, such as broadcast-communication, earth, meteorologicaland marine observations, and navigation, is vulnerable. The problems of the currently constructed ground station network were analyzed by constructing the test environment. Based on this, we designed a network that was capable of operating multiple satellites by one ground station. In addition, we proposed an interface and network configuration method with domestic and foreign ground stations. The network linking the domestic and foreign ground stations was composed of KREONET (Korea Research Environment Open Network) and GLORIAD (Global Ring Network for Advanced Application Development) of the KISTI(Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information). The internal network consists of VPN (Virtual Private Network), DMZ(De-Militarized Zone), and 1-way USB and so forth. By constructing the network by using the proposed method, harmful data, such as virus inflow and infection, can be blocked.

The Quantification of Considerations related with Decision-making in Ground Operation : Focusing on Evaluating Avenues of Approach in IPB (지상작전과 연관된 의사결정 고려요소의 정량화 방안 : 전장정보분석의 접근로 평가요소를 중심으로)

  • Han, Seung Jo;Lee, Seungmin
    • Convergence Security Journal
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.129-136
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    • 2019
  • The main tasks of commander and staffs in ground operations are a continuation performing the process of making decisions in various situations. Since the current decision-making process is largely dependent on qualitative methods, it is difficult to integrate with the decision-making tools associated with the 4th Industrial Revolution. The purpose of this study is to suggest the process of deriving the relative importance of the evaluation factors using the AHP with focusing on assessing the avenues of approach in IPB related to the ground operation plan. The most important aspect of IPB is the evaluation of the avenues of approach. Evaluation factors include target accessibility, observation and seasons, concealment and cover-up, ease of maneuverability, and ease of transition to adjacent access roads. The existing methods are the comparison method with evaluation factors and the analysis with the advantages and disadvantages. However, it has been criticized that they regard evaluation factors as equal importance. The results show that target accessibility has the highest score related with priority when considering the criteria.

Study on 2.5D Map Building and Map Merging Method for Rescue Robot Navigation (재난 구조용 로봇의 자율주행을 위한 지도작성 및 2.5D 지도정합에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Su Ho;Shim, Jae Hong
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.114-130
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    • 2022
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of increasing the efficiency of disaster relief rescue operations through collaboration among multiple aerial and ground robots. The robots create 2.5D maps, which are merged into a 2.5D map. The 2.5D map can be handled by a low-specification controller of an aerial robot and is suitable for ground robot navigation. For localization of the aerial robot, a six-degree-of-freedom pose recognition method using VIO was applied. To build a 2.5D map, an image conversion technique was employed. In addition, to merge 2.5D maps, an image similarity calculation technique based on the features on a wall was used. Localization and navigation were performed using a ground robot to evaluate the reliability of the 2.5D map. As a result, it was possible to estimate the location with an average and standard error of less than 0.3 m for the place where the 2.5D map was normally built, and there were only four collisions for the obstacle with the smallest volume. Based on the 2.5D map building and map merging system for the aerial robot used in this study, it is expected that disaster response work efficiency can be improved by combining the advantages of heterogeneous robots.