• KIEAE Journal
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.71-79
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• 2008

Lower birth rate and higher elder people are serious social problem in Korea. In 2003, the total birth rate is 1.19 per person, that record is lowest among OECD country. In 2005, Korea has been the aging society with 9.0% in aged population rate. Increasing of aged population results in elder estrangement and confliction with other generations. The social problem can be solved in some degree by improving housing environment and many kinds of welfare program. This study suggests a solution of the problem by applying community space located on ground level floor. The ground level floor of apartment has many physical benefits like connection to the earth, extension, safeness for the aged and child. in case of the National Rental apartment, small residential area and high rate of elder, child, the disabled make the ground level floor useful space for community. According to case study, almost the National Rental apartment hasn't enough facilities supporting various generations and don't supply comfortable environment. So, this study presents how to design the National Rental Apartment's community space located on ground level floor.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.56-64
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• 2009

This paper presents a parallel typed walking robot which can walk in omni-direction and climb from a floor to a wall. We design a six D.O.F leg mechanism composed of three legs, which form a parallel mechanism with a base and a ground to generate arbitrary poses. Optimal design is conducted to maximize the walking space and the dexterity, which are normalized by the stroke of leg. Kinematic parameters are found to maximize the weighted optimal objectives. We design a triple parallel mechanism robot by inserting Stewart platform between the upper leg mechanism and the lower leg mechanism and examine the gaits when the robot walks on the ground and climbs from a floor to a wall. The analysis of walking space and dexterity for each gait shows that the triple parallel walking robot has a large walking space with a large stability region. We explore the possibility that the robot can climb from a floor to a wall. Investigating the gaits for the six steps proves that the robot can lift the foot up to the wall by combining the orientational walking space generated by three parallel mechanisms.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.40
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• pp.42-51
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• 2003

This study aimed at understanding the spatial characteristics in the Tugendhat house. For this study, it is need to analyze the early plans of the Tugendhat house design process. To analyze this, the study leads to how to effect on the real practice with the process. Therefore, this research investigates the conceptional design process of the house. There are 2 main characteristics of the interior space alternation. One is the closed spatial character on the 2nd floor, the other is the open spatial character on the 1st floor. It clearly shows the severance between interior and exterior on the 2nd floor. Each 2nd floor's space volume uses different materials so that each the space can show the individuality. On the 1st floor, however, it seems the interior is not as much open to the exterior, because the materiality and reflection of the glass, the objet of furniture and wall. In case of 1st floor, it has a complex concept as open and close character, because it is using the proper gardening elements and the relationship between the house and site. The exterior characteristic is separated the house from the ground with the podium and the slope, and this leads to have the discontinuity. The house clearly shows the spatial characteristics of the continuity and discontinuity, it proves that Mies tried to move onto modem architecture as a turning point.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.7-19
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• 2004

This study is to comprehend the interior space of the Royal Palace in the 15th Century, the early years of Joseon Dynasty. The subject of this study is limited to the center of the Royal Palace, that is Jeongjeon(正殿, the royal audience chamber) and Haengrang(行廊, which encloses Jeongjeon on four sides and has many rooms). It is very important to understand the usage of the interior space because the architectural space consists of the space unified by the organic function of the interior and the exterior space. But there are few studies on the interior space of Jeongjeon and Haengrang at the Royal Palace. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand the interior space of those buildings. The result of this study is following. Haengrang has several uses such as a night duty room, a storehouse, a government office or a banquet hall etc. So the interior spaces were finished with various methods that were suitable for the use of each room, and the material of the floor were the ground, Maru(the wooden floor) or Ondol(the Korean traditional heating system) There were held many kinds of ceremonies in Jeongjeon, and the government officials could not enter the inside of that building and took part in the ceremony on the front court of Jeongjeon, except the men performing the ceremony. But the high ranking officials could enter the inside when King gave a banquet and there, they prostrated themselves before King. They sat down with their legs crossed on the ground floor instead of sitting on a chair. When King held tea ceremony with Chinese envoys in Jeongjeon, they sat on Gyoui(交倚, a kind of armchair). Then, the government officials performing the ceremony in Jeongjeon prostrated himself around the King and the Chinese envoys and others stood around them.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.12-21
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• 2010

This paper focuses on the hover performance experiment of a small-scale single rotor in partial ground conditions. In this study, small-scale rotor blade rotating device and floor panel are used to include partial ground effect. Thrust and torque were measured with varying collective pitch angles at fixed rotor rotating speed. The overlap distance between rotor and ground is d, the rotor diameter is D. It was shown that the ground effects have little effect on the rotor performance until d/D is 0.25. Four blade rotor has more increased thrust and more reduced power than those of two blade rotor because of stronger ground effect. In addition, it was also found that the thrust increases as a collective pitch angle become smaller. Based on these experiment results, we deduced new empirical equation considered blade number and partial ground effect.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.44-49
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• 2011

For the pleasant dwelling place, the most of apartments are designed with the increased green area ratio in ground space and the underground parking lot. However, the condensation in underground space has occasionally occurred due to the insufficient ventilation and insulation treatment. Despite reinforcement of the insulation treatment and mechanical ventilation for the preventing method of condensation. It seems difficult to expect preventing effects for the condensation without consideration of the thermal characteristic of structures. Furthermore, no fundamental measure has been established because maintenance work for these defects incurs a lot of costs and these defects could be occurred again. This study suggests a new method for preventing floor surface condensation through analyzing the reasons of condensation which occurred in the underground floor.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.1-17
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• 2012

This study was carried out to propose the improved method by analyzing the change of green space arrangement and planting structure of apartment complexes in Seoul. 12 survey sites, which have obvious differences, were selected by reflecting the change of floor area ratio, underground parking place, and green space ratio. We divided the survey sites into four types that high green ratio(over 40%) apartment on natural ground, low green ratio(under 40%) apartment on natural ground, low green ratio(under 40%) apartment on artificial ground, and high green ratio(over 40%) apartment on artificial ground each period based on green space ratio and ground structure, plant crown volume, planting density, and planting pattern. The main factors of change of green space arrangement were green space ratio and ground structure. The Green space ratio was changed by the floor area ratio with constructing underground parking place and floor area ratio was adjusted by government policy and economic status. Average width of front green area has been changed from 10.0m in high green ratio apartment on natural ground for 3.5m, 2.7m, and 4.5m each period. The average width of the buffer green area has been changed from 15.0m in high green ratio apartment on natural ground of 7.7m, and 2.7m by extending parking place in the low green ratio apartment of artificial ground, so buffer green areas have been reduced and disconnected. So buffer green area in apartment complexes has been extended that the average width of the buffer green area was 3.8m caused by growing recognition of green since 2001. The ratio of native plant in canopy layer was increased from 45.1 % in the case of the high green ratio apartment of natural ground in 1980~1983 to 55.6%. Average plant crown volume increased from $1.27m^3/m^2$ in high green ratio apartment on natural ground for $3.47m^3/m^2$ in a low green ratio apartment on natural ground. But average plant crown volume is $0.27m^3/m^2$ in the high green ratio apartment of the artificial ground plant density of canopy layer was changed from 5 individuals per $100m^2$ to 14.5 individuals per $100m^2$. We should construct the buffer green area with natural ground and get the function of ecological and beautiful environment regarding to garden concept in case of front green area, width 4.5m. We should get the function of increasing green volume by multi-layer planting with shade woody species and flower woody species in case of back-side green area, width over 5.0m. We should get the function of covering the wall and increasing green landscape by planting with high woody species in case of side green area. We should apply the ecological planting technique to buffer green area and connect buffer green area to inner green area in apartment complexes.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.335-342
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• 2014

The big issue in fire and life safety protection in atriums is that hot smoke can spread vertically via the atrium openings, and impact atrium floors remote from the fire. Three different strategies to provide fire and life safety protection for atrium space were evaluated in this study, using the FDS model. Strategy A is the atrium protection approach addressed in the Korean Building Fire Protection Code, where atria are required to be enclosed with fire shutters from the $2^{nd}$ floor to the atrium top, and the ground floor is allowed to open to the atrium; in this case, no smoke control is required. Strategy B is the atrium protection approach, with smoke control provided in accordance with NFPA 92B; in this case, no atrium floor is enclosed. Strategy C is the atrium protection approach, in which some of the upper atrium floors are enclosed (the case of the top atrium floor being enclosed is evaluated in this study), and atrium smoke control is also provided to protect the lower atrium floors.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.32-35
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• 2008

If human beings could make friends with nature, it would be a truly wellbeing. This project has selected the design concept under the supposition that human beings and the nature become friends. This residential house, which is consisted of one ground floor and two underground floors, is confronting the mountains that surround the residential complex. Residents can enjoy viewing the mountains from the living room. The garden is created by using this given environment in maximum. The walls are made up with rocks, and a small pond is formed with water from the mountain, presenting another attractive sight. Through the connection rather than the break between mountain and garden, living room and garden, and again garden and mountain, the dialogue with nature was attempted. The water of the pond in the garden flows down along the walls and creates another water space at the gate area of the house. Passing through the entrance, there are a living room, a kitchen, a bedroom for spouses, a common bathroom, and a library on the ground floor. On the second floor, there are two rooms, a bathroom, and a mini living room. The platform of living room on the 1st floor is lowered to produce the comfortable living room with the hearth. From the view of living room, the garden with full feeling of nature can give a good emotional rest for modem people who want the mental relaxation. The marble stones are used as its material to present rich texture and sophisticated image presentation. The hearth in the living room is harmonized with high-tech electronic home appliances and surrounding accessories. On the kitchen, the high-glossy materials are used to express the external appearance neatly and the depository function is more improved for housewives.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.310-318
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• 2008

This paper presents a parallel typed walking robot to improve walking space and stability region. The robot is designed by inserting an intermediate mechanism between upper leg mechanism and lower leg mechanism. The leg mechanism is composed of three legs and base, which form a parallel mechanism with ground. Seven different types of walking robot are invented by combining the leg mechanisms and an intermediate mechanism. Topology is applied to design the leg mechanism. A motor vector is adopted to determine Jacobian and a wrench vector is used to analyze dynamics of the robot. We explore the stability region of the robot from the reaction force of legs and compute ZMP including the holding force to contact the foot to a wall. This investigates a walking stability when the robot walks on the ground as well as on the wall. We examine the walking space generated by support legs and by swing legs. The robot has both a large positional walking space and a large orientational walking space so that it can climb from a floor up to a wall.