• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2007

A particle method, recognized as one of gridless methods, has been developed to investigate non-linear free-surface motions interacting with structures. This method is more feasible and effective than conventional grid methods for solving flow fieldswith complicated boundary shapes. The method consists of particle interaction models representing pressure gradient, diffusion, incompressibility, and the free-surface boundary conditions without grids. In the present study, broken dam problems with various viscosity values are simulated to validate the developed method.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2021

In this study, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation based on an Eulerian-Eulerian approach was used to evaluate the mixing performance of a mud agitator through the distribution of bulk particles. Firstly, the commercial CFD software Star-CCM+ was verified by performing numerical simulations of single-phase water mixing problems in an agitator with various turbulence models, and the simulation results were compared with an experiment. The standard model was selected as an appropriate turbulence model, and a grid convergence test was performed. Then, a simulation of the liquid-solid multi-phase mixing in an agitator was simulated with different multi-phase interaction models, and lift and drag models were selected. In the case of the lift model, the results were not significantly affected, but Syamlal and O'Brien's drag model showed more reasonable results with respect to the experiment. Finally, with the properly determined simulation conditions, a multi-phase flow simulation of a mud agitator was performed to predict the mixing time and spatial distribution of solid particles. The applicability of the CFD multi-phase simulation for the practical design of a mud agitator was confirmed.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제67권12호
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• pp.1705-1710
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• 2018

This paper deals with an analysis of the causes of over current relay(OCR) misoperation in power system with distributed generations(DG). In general, Y-D and Y-Y-D transformer connections are used for grid interconnection of DG. According to the interconnection guideline, the neutral point on Y side should be grounded. However, these transformer connections can lead to OCR misoperation as well as over current ground relay(OCGR) misoperation. Several researches have addressed the OCGR misoperation due to the interaction between transformer connections and zero-sequence voltage of distribution system. Recently, a misoperation of OCR at the point of DG interconnection to the utility system has been also reported. With increasing the interconnections of DG, such OCR as well as OCGR misoperations are expected to increase. In this paper, PSCAD/EMTDC modeling including DG interconnection transformer was performed and various case studies was carried out for identifying the cause of OCR misoperation.

• Journal of Advanced Research in Ocean Engineering
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.146-162
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• 2018

The unsteady problem of a rigid body impact onto a floating plate is studied. Both the plate and the water are at rest before impact. The plate motion is caused by the impact force transmitted to the plate through an elastic layer with viscous damping on the top of the plate. The hydrodynamic force is calculated by using the second-order model of plate impact by Iafrati and Korobkin (2011). The present study is concerned with the deceleration experienced by a rigid body during its collision with a floating object. The problem is studied also by a fully-nonlinear computational-fluid-dynamics method. The elastic layer is treated with a moving body-fitted grid, the impacting body with an immersed boundary method, and a discrete-element method is used for the contact-force model. The presence of the elastic layer between the impacting bod- ies may lead to multiple bouncing of them, if the bodies are relatively light, before their interaction is settled and they continue to penetrate together into the water. The present study is motivated by ship slamming in icy waters, and by the effect of ice conditions on conventional free-fall lifeboats.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.65-75
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• 2019

A heated square cylinder (with height $A^*$) is kept parallel to the cold wall at a fixed gap height $0.5A^*$ from the wall. Another adiabatic rectangular cylinder (of same height $A^*$ and width $0.5A^*$) is placed upstream in an inline tandem arrangement. The spacing between the two cylinders is fixed at $3.0A^*$. The inlet flow is taken as Couette-Poiseuille flow based non-linear velocity profile. The conventional fluid (also known as base fluid) is chosen as water (W) whereas the nanoparticle material is selected as $Al_2O_3$. Numerical simulations are performed by using SIMPLE algorithm based Finite Volume approach with staggered grid arrangement. The dependencies of hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of the cylinder on non-dimensional parameters governing the nanofluids and the fluid flow are explored here. A critical discussion is made on the mechanism of improvement/reduction (due to the presence of the upstream cylinder) of heat transfer and drag coefficient, in comparison to those of an isolated cylinder. It is observed that the heat transfer increases with the increase in the non-linearity in the incident velocity profile at the inlet. For the present range studied, particle concentration has a negligible effect on heat transfer.

• Architectural research
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2020

Numerous scholars have explored the modeling, control, and optimization of energy systems in buildings, offering new insights about technology and environments that can advance industry innovation. Eye trackers deliver objective eye-gaze data about visual and attentional processes. Due to its flexibility, accuracy, and efficiency in research, eye tracking has a control scheme that makes measuring rapid eye movement in three-dimensional space possible (e.g., virtual reality, augmented reality). Because eye movement is an effective modality for digital interaction with a virtual environment, tracking how users scan a visual field and fix on various digital objects can help designers optimize building environments and materials. Although several scholars have conducted Virtual Reality studies in three-dimensional space, scholars have not agreed on a consistent way to analyze eye tracking data. We conducted eye tracking experiments using objects in three-dimensional space to find an objective way to process quantitative visual data. By applying a 12 × 12 grid framework for eye tracking analysis, we investigated how people gazed at objects in a virtual space wearing a headmounted display. The findings provide an empirical base for a standardized protocol for analyzing eye tracking data in the context of virtual environments.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2023

A meshless technique using the geometric conservation least-squares method (GC-LSM) was devised to discretize the governing equation of linear elasticity. Although the finite-element method is widely used for structural analysis, a meshless method was developed because of its advantages in a moving grid system. This work is the preliminary phase for developing a fully meshless-based fluid-structure interaction solver. In this study, Cauchy's momentum equation was discretized in strong form using GC-LSM for the structural domain, and the Newmark beta method was used for time integration. The solver was validated in 1D, 2D, and 3D benchmarking problems. Static and dynamic results were obtained. The results are more accurate than those of analytic solutions.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.39-50
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• 2003

시화호 북측확장단지 조성을 위하여 반월천과 동화천이 유입되는 상류에서 호안 축조 공사가 진행되는 경우 침적된 오열도가 실한 이 지역에서 저니토가 급격하게 교란될 때 시화호 수질에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 3차원 수동역학 모델인 TIDE3D를 수질모델인 CE-QUAL-ICM과 결합하고 4개의 $\sigma$층을 사용하여 수체와 저질사이의 상호작용과 층별 변화를 모의하였다. 1년 이상의 장기적인 수질모의결과, 교란된 지점 인근에서는 저층에만 수질의 악화철상이 나타나고 시화호의 형상 및 외부 하천 유입의 복합적인 특성 상 약 5km를 지나면서 저질 교란의 영향이 표층에 나타난다. 현재의 상황에서는 겨울과 봄에 상류 오염유입이 많아서 COD와 TP수질이 좋지 않으나 이에 비해 저질의 교란으로 야기되는 수질 변화는 여름과 가을에 크게 저하되는 것으로 나타나 현존 상태와 반전된 결과를 제시한다. 선행연구(서 등, 2002)에서 취하였던 격자망보다 배정밀도로 상세화 하여 150m${\times}$150m의 격자에서 수치실험 한 결과는 계산시간의 증대를 유발하지만, 격자의존도가 수치해에 미치는 영향이 있는 것으로 판단되며 특히 유동이 배수갑문 인근의 영역에서 신을 통과하는 유량의 차이를 줄여 만족스러운 결과를 제공한다.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.51-66
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• 2022

해수면온도는 지구 시스템에서 가장 중요한 메커니즘의 하나인 대기-해양의 상호작용을 단적으로 나타내며, 기후변화를 이해하는 데 필수적인 해양 기상요소이다. 이에, 공백 없이 시공간해상도가 일정한 격자자료는 해수면온도연구에 있어 그 활용도가 매우 높다. 이 논문에서는 2020년 해양 실측자료 137개 지점으로부터 최적화된 베리오그램을 도출하고 이를 이용한 정규크리깅을 통해 우리나라 주변해역의 일평균 해수면온도 격자지도를 산출하고 그 정확도를 평가하였다. 베리오그램 최적화는 가중최소제곱법을 이용하였고, 내삽정확도 검증을 위하여 공간적인 치우침이 없도록 객관적인 샘플링 기준을 적용하여 암맹평가를 수행하였다. 4회에 걸친 암맹평가 결과, 평균제곱근오차 0.995~1.035℃, 상관계수 0.981~0.982의 상당히 높은 정확도를 나타냈다. 계절별로는 여름철의 정확도가 상대적으로 약간 낮게 나타났는데, 이는 태풍의 영향으로 인한 급격한 수온 변동 때문으로 사료된다. 또한 가까운 바다보다 먼 바다에서, 동해, 남해보다 서해에서 상대적으로 정확도가 높게 나타났는데, 이는 가까운 바다에서 종종 반폐쇄해 지형으로 인해 해수의 물리적인 특성에 차이가 발생할 수 있기 때문인 것으로 보인다. 향후에는 계절별, 해역별 특성을 반영하는 SST 추정기법의 개선이 필요할 것이며, 개선된 자료는 우리나라 주변해역의 고품질 SST 합성장을 산출하는 앙상블 멤버로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권5A호
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• pp.841-848
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• 2006

PSC 박스거더 교량의 격벽(diaphragm)은 프리스트레스에 의해 큰 집중하중이 가해지기 때문에 응력의 분포가 매우 교란되며 격벽에 발생하는 과도한 균열은 격벽의 거동을 매우 복잡하게 만든다. AASHTO 설계기준에 따르면 집중 긴장하중에 의한 3차원 효과는 3차원 모델을 이용하거나, 둘 혹은 그 이상의 평면으로 분리된 하위모델(submodel)을 사용하여 근사적으로 계산하는 방법을 허용하고 있다. 이때 하위모델은 각 방향에 대하여 독립적으로 결정할 수 있으나 모델 간의 상호작용이 고려되어야 하며 일관성이 있어야 한다. 그러나 외부 긴장재의 정착을 위한 격벽은 2차원 문제로 간주하기 어려운 3차원 응력교란영역(disturbed region) 구조물이며, 2차원 모델을 이용하여 격벽에 작용하는 힘의 흐름을 표현하는 것은 만족한 결과를 주지 못한다. 본 연구에서는 3차원 응력교란영역 구조부재의 해석/설계를 위해 제안된 컴퓨터에 기반한 3차원 격자 스트럿-타이 모델 방법을 이용하여 Texas대학교에서 실험, 파괴된 PSC 박스거더 격벽의 1/2 축소 모형을 해석하였다. 그리고 그 결과를 기존의 연구결과 및 실험결과와 비교하여 제안된 방법의 타당성과 정확성을 평가함으로서, 포스트텐션 정착부 및 격벽부 설계를 위한 합리적인 컴퓨터 기반의 설계방법을 제시하였다.