• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2008년도 추계학술대회B
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• pp.2839-2844
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• 2008

A PEMFC(proton exchange membrane fuel cell) is a good candidate for residential power generation to be cope with the shortage of fossil fuel and green house gas emission. The attractive benefit of the PEMFC is to produce electric power as well as hot water for home usage. Typically, thermal management of vehicular PEMFC is to reject the heat from the PEMFC to the ambient air. Different from that, the thermal management of PEMFC for RPG is to utilize the heat of PEMFC so that the PEMFC can be operated at its optimal efficiency. In this study, dynamic thermal management system is modeled to understand the response of the thermal management system during dynamic operation. The thermal management system of PEMFC for RPGFC is composed of two cooling circuits, one for controling the fuel cell temperature and the other for heating up the water for home usage. Dynamic responses and operating strategies of the PEMFC system are investigated during load changes.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.135-148
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• 2018

Reservoir sedimentation is a major environmental issue, and various sediment load controls and plans have been proposed to secure clean and safe water resources. The objectives of this study were to estimate soil loss in the upper basins and predict sediment deposition in Ipjang reservoir using hydrologic and hydraulic model. To do so, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) and EFDC (Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code) was used to estimate soil loss in two upper basins and to predict spatial distribution and amount of sediment deposition in the Ipjang reservoir, respectively. The hydrologic modeling results showed that annual average soil loss from the upper basins was 500 ton. The hydraulic modeling results demonstrated that sediment particles transported to the reservoir were mostly trapped in the vicinity of the reservoir inlet and then moved toward the bank over time. If long-term water quality monitoring and sediment survey are performed, this study can be used as a tool for predicting the dredging amount, dredging location and proper dredging cycle in the reservoir. The study findings are expected to be used as a basis to establish management solutions for sediment reduction.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2018

A sidestream contains the filtrate or concentrate from the belt filter press, filter backwash and supernatant from sludge digesters. The sidestream flow, which heads back into the sewage treatment train, is about 1-3% less than the influent flow. However, the sidestream can increase the nutrient load since it contains high concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen. In this study, the removal of PO4-P with organic matter characteristics and bacteriological changes during the sidestream treatment via ladle furnace (LF) slag was investigated. The sidestream used in this study consisted of 11-14% PO4-P and 3.2-3.6% soluble chemical oxygen demand in influent loading rates. LF slag, which had a relatively high $Ca^{2+}$ release compared to other slags, was used to remove $PO_4-P$ from the sidestream. The phosphate removal rates increased as the slag particle size decreased 19.1% (2.0-4.0 mm, 25.2% (1.0-2.0 mm) and 79.9% (0.5-1.0 mm). The removal rates of dissolved organic carbon, soluble chemical oxygen demand, color and aromatic organic matter ($UV_{254}$) were 17.6, 41.7, 90.2 and 77.3%, respectively. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices and liquid chromatography-organic carbon detection demonstrated that the sidestream treatment via LF slag was effective in the removal of biopolymers. However, the removal of dissolved organic matter was not significant during the treatment. The intact bacterial biomass decreased from $1.64{\times}10^8cells/mL$ to $1.05{\times}10^8cells/mL$. The use of LF slag was effective for the removal of phosphate and the removal efficiency of phosphate was greater than 80% for up to 100 bed volumes.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of farming methods on mass balance from paddy rice. The experiment fields were established at Chunpo-myeon, Iksan-si in the Saemangeum watershed. Experiment was performed during the growing season to assess water and mass balances of the study field in 2013. The three different farming practices were applied: conventional (TR-A), drainage outlet heighten (TR-B) and slow release fertilizer use (TR-C). Drainage amount from TR-B was reduced by 28.5 % compared to the TR-A, while the amount from TR-C was similar to that of TR-A. Overall, nutrient concentration of paddy water were similar among the treatments except for T-P. Mean T-P concentration from TR-C was lower than that from TR-A (p-value<0.05). As the results of mass balance, TR-B appeared to reduce nutrient surface loss, substantially by 30.9 % and 40.8 % for T-N and T-P an compared to TR-A. TR-C treatment also demonstrated nutrient load reduction by 38.2 % and 40.1 % for T-N and T-P. The study results showed that water and fertilizer treatments are effective in surface load reduction respectively from paddy fields, and, long-term monitoring and evaluation is needed to confirm the reduction.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.654-663
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• 2010

Attention has increasingly focused on the pollutant load discharged from rural area since the enforcement of total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) in korea. As one of the methods to control the inflow of pollutant load during wet weather events, local governments are attempting to apply non-point source control facility. To design those facilities appropriately, it is essential to understand the runoff characteristics of pollutants such as TSS, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Cr}$, TP and TN. In the paper, the quantitative analyses for pollutant runoff characteristics were examined in a small rural watershed with the area of about 53 hectares. For a dry weather day and wet weather events, variation patterns of dry weather flow and runoff characteristics of wet weather flows were monitored and investigated. The runoff model using XP-SWMM reflecting the landuse types of the watershed in detail was simulated to perform the sensitivity analyses for several factors influencing on their hydrograph and pollutographs. As a result, for the case of medium and small rainfall events (i. e. total rainfall of 35.8 and 17.5 mm), the impervious area including green house, roof and road which covers relatively low portion of total area (i. e. 16%) caused substantial first flush and the majority of total runoff load. Therefore, it has been concluded that the runoff characteristics of each pollutant and distribution of impervious area should be considered for the establishment of the control strategy of non-point pollutant runoff at a rural area.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.189-199
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• 2011

도심지 환경 개선을 위한 인공지반녹화(옥상녹화 등)사업의 확대 보급을 위해서는 옥상부 구조체의 장기적 안정성을 보증할 수 있는 안전한 방수방근층을 구성하여야한다. 따라서 인공지반 녹화용 방수방근층은 식물 뿌리의 침입으로부터 안전해야 하며, 녹화부의 잔류수 및 침체수 등에 대해 장기적으로 수밀해야 하며, 식물 성장에 필요한 비료 등의 화학물질 및 기타의 화학성분에 장기적으로 안전해야 하며, 시공 시에 발생하는 각종 공구류, 설비류, 가설물에 의해 손상되지 않아야 하고, 식재 및 토심의 하중, 설비류의 하중에 의해 손상되지 않는 종합적 성능이 요구된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 옥상녹화 현장의 환경 조건을 대상으로 방수방근층의 환경 성능 지표를 설정하였고, 이와 관련한 방근성능, 수밀성능, 내움패임 저항성능, 충격저항성능, 내화학성능을 방수방근층의 요구 성능으로 정하였으며, 그와 관련한 평가 방법을 제시하고, 실무적인 검증 시험을 통하여 복합 방수방근층의 성능 평가 시스템을 제안하였다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.64-81
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• 2016

To analyze the influence of various groundwater flow rates (specific discharge) on BHE system with balanced and unbalanced energy loads under assuming same initial temperature (15℃) of ground and groundwater, numerical modeling using FEFLOW was used for this study. When groundwater flow is increased from 1 × 10⁻⁷ to 4 × 10⁻⁷m/s under balanced energy load, the performance of BHE system is improved about 26.7% in summer and 22.7% at winter time in a single BHE case as well as about 12.0~18.6% in summer and 7.6~8.7% in winter time depending on the number of boreholes in the grid, their array type, and bore hole separation in multiple BHE system case. In other words, the performance of BHE system is improved due to lower avT in summer and higher avT in winter time when groundwater flow becomes larger. On the contrary it is decreased owing to higher avT in summer and lower avT in winter time when the numbers of BHEs in an array are increased, Geothermal plume created at down-gradient area by groundwater flow is relatively small in balanced load condition while quite large in unbalanced load condition. Groundwater flow enhances in general the thermal efficiency by transferring heat away from the BHEs. Therefore it is highly required to obtain and to use adequate informations on hydrogeologic characterristics (K, S, hydraulic gradient, seasonal variation of groundwater temperature and water level) along with integrating groundwater flow and also hydrogeothermal properties (thermal conductivity, seasonal variation of ground temperatures etc.) of the relevant area for achieving the optimal design of BHE system.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.495-504
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• 2012

In recent years, urbanization has been a hot issues in watershed management due to increased pollutant loads from impervious urban areas. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model has been widely used in hydrology and water quality studies at watershed scale. However, the SWAT has limitations in simulating water flows between HRUs and hydrological effects of LID practices. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) has LID capabilities, but it does not simulate non-urban areas, especially agricultural areas. In this study, a SWAT-SWMM coupled model was developed to evaluate effects of LID practices on hydrology and water quality at mixed-landuse watersheds. This coupled SWAT-SWMM was evaluated by comparing calibrated flow with and without coupled SWAT-SWMM. As a result of this study, the $R^2$ and NSE values with SWAT are 0.951 and 0.937 for calibration period, and 0.882 and 0.875 for validation period, respectively. the $R^2$ and NSE values with SWAT-SWMM are 0.877 and 0.880 for validation period. Out of four LID scenarios simulated by SWAT-SWMM model, the green roof scenario was found to be most effective which reduces about 25% of rainfall-runoff flows.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.880-894
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• 2010

고속철도교의 기초로 많이 사용되고 있는 매입말뚝에서 천공으로 이완된 지반과 말뚝 사이의 충전재로서 기존 포틀랜드 시멘트계는 쏘일시멘트 강도가 낮고 시멘트 용출로 인한 지하수 오염, 희석 및 일수현상으로 인한 지표부 지반의 이완, 수평 저항성의 감소 및 내구성의 저하, 하중분담효과의 저하 등 안정성 확보 문제와 환경오염 문제를 내포하고 있었다. 특히, 고속철도교의 경우 열차진동, 급정거시 충격수평력 작용, 지진 등 일반 구조물 기초와는 달리 다양한 측면에서 안정성 확보가 필요하며, 기초 시공 분야도 저탄소 녹색성장이라는 친환경 기조의 시대적 요구사항을 고려해야 하는 실정이다. 더불어 경제성 및 공기 단축 등 시공성 확보까지 가능한 새로운 미래형 친환경 기초공법의 개발이 필수적이다. 따라서 기존 공법의 내구성 및 내진성, 내수평성을 개선하고, 환경오염을 최소화 할 수 있도록 새로운 충전재료의 개발과, 시공방법의 개선을 통해 구조적 안전성과 환경적 저해요소를 최소화하기 위한 다양한 시험 및 기초연구를 실시하였다, 이를 위해 수중불분리성과 고유동성, 고점성, 고침투성, 조강성 등을 동시에 가지는 신개념의 고성능 다기능의 충전재를 활용하여 기존의 시멘트계 충전재와의 적용성 비교시험을 실시하였다. 그 결과 기존 매입말뚝 공법 및 마이크로 파일 기초에 적용하였을 경우 연직지지력, 수평저항력 등 많은 측면에서 뛰어난 적용성을 보이고 있어 향후 다양한 추가 연구를 통해 새로운 친환경 기초로의 개발도 기대할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.405-411
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• 2010

A 5kW class SOFC cogeneration system consisted of a hot box part, a cold BOP (balance of plant) part, and a hot water reservoir. The hot box part contained a stack, a fuel reformer, a catalytic combustor, and heat exchangers. A cold BOP part was composed of blowers, pumps, a water trap, and system control units. A 5kW stack was designed to integrate 2 sub-modules. In this paper, the 5kW class SOFC system was operated using 2 short stacks connected in parallel to test the sub-module and the system. A short stack had 15 cells with $15{\times}15 cm^2$ area. When a natural gas was used, the total power was about 1.38 kW at 120A. Because the sub-modules were connected in parallel and current was loaded using a DC load, voltages of sub-modules were same and the currents were distributed according to the resistance of sub-modules. The voltage of the first stack was 11.46 V at 61A and the voltage of the second stack was 11.49V at 59A.