• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 2016

Urban park planning has become difficult due to the lack of municipal funds. Thereupon, a special scheme was imposed for city park planning. Since then, a legal amendment was made for economical improvement and more active participation. However, there are a lot of questions about whether it was a suitable direction for parks and where it should be emphasized for public interest. Base on these concerns, this study examined the basis and characteristics of location, creation, and maintenance of private development parks in Japan, which was the policy model of Korean private parks. Location and space planning of private development parks was made up considering an effective green network and disaster prevention function, and a minimum area was about 1.42ha. The minimum area, 1ha, was established on the basis of considering realistic possibilities, disaster protection, and universal validity. It was also amended to consider the standard of type two mid- to high-rise exclusive residential areas and consultation with regional governance. Finally, it was built on the lowest limit of ordinance of the relevant city; for example, 100% of the floor area ratio, 30% of the building coverage ratio, and the maximum height of 11 stories, etc. For maintenance, private and public sectors were working together. Maintenance fees for 35 years (based on $300yen/m^2$ per month) were paid en bloc by the licensee. However, the city was paid for facilities that accompanied excessive maintenance costs. Meanwhile, it seemed difficult to introduce attractive profit facilities because of the limitations in location, usage permission, and introduction equipment; furthermore, there were problems with management authority, and the burden of expenses was deducted. For creating private Korean parks, this study suggested that we should build priority of creating city parks and select appropriate locations first; also, we need to make criteria for location, creation, and standard management rules that are relevant to the whole nation of Korea.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.211-220
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• 2011

TOD(Transit Oriented Development) has recently been active, which presents that TOD planning elements should be comprehensively taken into consideration in order to enhance domestic transit ridership by changing environments in rail station areas and an empirical analysis on the type of rail station areas and transportation demand should be a prerequisite for usage of future development planning. This study aims to grasp a variety of TOD of influence factors in Seoul rail station area and to perform analysis to identify relationship between public transportation demand and these TOD design factors. To make it come true, we gathered data with respect to Density, Diversity, and Accessibility as representative TOD planning elements and carried out factorial and regression analysis. Consequently, we drew 7 influence factors base on factorial analysis: Factor 1(Diversity/ -Use Mix(LUM)), Factor 2(Density/development density), Factor 3(Accessibility/public transportation facility supply), Factor 4(Design/street design), Factor 5(Green/access mode (pedestrian, bike), Factor 6(Design/subway size), Factor 7(Accessibility/Public transit operation) As the result of model development by using factorial and regression analysis, positive influence factors on passenger flow in rail station area are Factor 1(Diversity : Land-Use Mix), Factor 3(Accessibility : public transportation facility supply), Factor 2(Density : development density), Factor 5(Design/ access mode) and Factor 6(subway size) Next, negative influence factor on passenger flow in rail station area shows Factor 7(Accessibility/Public transit operation) as the most influential factor. This is because the growth of service interval of linked subway and bus leads to reduced demand.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.646-659
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• 2018

This study proposed "Reservoir Park", which added disaster prevention function to urban green spaces such as city parks through domestic and overseas related laws review, case studies, field trips. This is a combination of urban parks and reservoirs as urban planning facilities, which can provide both space for daily use by urban residents and disaster mitigation functions in case of emergency. In order to prevent flooding in urban areas due to climate change, facilities should be installed in the form of parks, etc., as the reservoir facility should be systematically reviewed together with urban planning facilities. However it was found that the reservoir park was not clear as a theme park. In this study, the types of storage facilities in urban areas were reclassified into five types of storage parks reflecting the characteristics of urban green spaces through domestic case studies and field trips. The classification of the reservoir parks is classified into 5 kinds such as ecological type, vegetation cover type, exercise facility type, underground burial type and hybrid type based on groundwater level, human use, and reservoir size. This classification system can be used to determine the types of facilities to be built after designating the location of future storage facilities.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.89-106
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• 2020

This study examines the functionality and landscape design specifics of the outdoor space of representative commercial multi-complexes in Korea in order to overview the design trends of outdoor landscaping trends. Through surveying the composition of outdoor spaces along with their relation to the surrounding landscape, open spaces, and the neighboring communities, this paper identified the change in trends regarding the characteristics of outdoor landscape planning and acknowledged the enhanced public value of outdoor space. This study asserts that the characteristics of outdoor spaces can best be understood by examining the ways in which the outdoor space relates to adjoining commercial multi-complexes and the surrounding landscape. Focusing on the relationships that outdoor space establishes, commercial multi-complexes can be categorized as follows: in/outdoor separated type, in/outdoor semi-open type, surrounding landscape-projected type, and surrounding landscape-combined type. By studying the landscape design specifics of the outdoor space of representative cases of each type, the following has been concluded: First, the amount of outdoor space has expanded in terms of importance and function while serving to assist in various activities and participatory experiences, and no longer merely serves as a backdrop of commercial facilities. Second, with the strengthened connectivity between in/outdoor spaces, the elements of outdoor surroundings are more actively introduced indoors to improve amenities. Through directly connecting certain indoor program spaces with outdoor spaces, commercial multi-complexes tend to provide richer combined experiences. Third, with the expansion of outdoor space functionality, commercial multi-complexes are increasingly recognized as a quasi-public space, making good example of liminal space. In light of the recent case of development plans linked with public open spaces in suburban settings, commercial landscape design shows the possibility of creating an open space that can function as a center for local culture and green networks in the community.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.109-120
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• 2016

This study aims to assess vulnerability in urban thermal environments of Seoul by using indicators frequently used in previous studies as well as effective indicators for spatial planning like urban and environmental planning. For this purpose, fifteen indicators that influence urban thermal environments such as heat waves, urban heat island effects, and urban micro-climates were identified based on literature reviews. Indicators for presenting urban structure and spatial properties were included; for example, building volume as 'exposure to climate', buildings completed before 1980 as 'sensitivity', and green space areas as 'adaptive capacity'. Among them, twelve indicators were applied to assess vulnerability in urban thermal environments of Seoul by using a GIS spatial analysis combined with fuzzy logic. The results show that the Gangnam area is identified as more vulnerable to a heat environment as compared to the Gangbuk area. In the Gangnam area, Seocho-gu, Gangnam-gu, Dongjak-gu, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Gangseo-gu were relatively high in vulnerability, while Dongdaemun-gu, Gangbuk-gu, Gwangjin-gu, Jungrang-gu were relatively high in the Gangbuk area. Gwanak-gu, Dobong-gu, Eunpyeong-gu, and Nowon-gu, which include forested areas, have low vulnerability in the sectors of 'exposure to climate' and 'sensitivity' due to the impact of Gwanaksan and Bukhansan. However, some areas with high vulnerability like Seocho-gu and Gangnam-gu may have lower vulnerability if the indicator 'status of air conditioning' from the sector of 'adaptive capacity' is used. This study could support the establishment of a practicable thermal environment policy and spatial planning to reduce heat-related risks in the field of urban and environmental planning.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.77-93
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• 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about significant social changes through government prevention and control measures, changes in people's risk perceptions, and lifestyle changes. In response, urban inhabitants changed their behaviors significantly, including their preferences for transportation modes and urban spaces in response to government quarantine policies and concerns over the potential risk of infection in urban spaces. These changes may have long-lasting effects on urban spaces beyond the COVID-19 pandemic or they may evolve and develop new forms. Therefore, this study aims to explore the potential for urban spaces to adapt to the present and future pandemics by examining changes in urban residents' preferences in travel modes and urban space use due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study found that overall preferences for travel modes and urban spaces significantly differ between the pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic periods. During the pandemic, preferences for travel modes and urban spaces has decreased, except for privately owned vehicles and green spaces, which are perceived to be safe from transmission, show more favorable than others. Post-pandemic preferences for travel modes and urban spaces are less favorable than pre-pandemic with urban spaces being five times less favorable than transportation. Although green spaces and medical facilities that were positively perceived during the pandemic are expected to return to the pre-pandemic preference level, other factors of urban spaces are facing a new-normal. The findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on urban residents' preferences for travel modes and urban space use. Understanding these changes is crucial for developing strategies to adapt to present and future pandemics and improve urban resilience.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.10 no.1 s.19
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• pp.171-190
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to set up the objective standards of a space design for preschool children's room. In order to perform the above purpose, this study was organized into three sections. First, literature review to understand the relationship between preschool children's development and children's room, design elements and correlated variables of children's room. Second, survey research to seek a standard of children's room size, necessary furnitures, prefeerred colors and motifs. Third suggestions of objective and concrete alternative plan through the literature review and survey research. The major findings from the survey research were summarized as follows : 1) The mean size of contempory preschool children's room was 3.1 pyong and that of ldeal room was 4.7 pyong. 2) Necessary Furnitures with which more than two-thirds of parents want to furnish were bed, wardrobe, chest of drawers, toy shelves, toy boxes, book cases, chalkboard. Necessary furnitures for different ages were found to vary. For the age 2-5, the funitures for play were major, where as for the age 5-6, the furnitures for study were major. 3) The colors of contemporary preschool children's room were red, yellow, pink, blue, those of parent's favorites were Light colors(pink, skyblue, lemon yellow, Light green, Light purple). The rooms for boy were found with more cold colors, those for girl with more warm colors. 4) The motifs of contemporary preschool children's room were plants, lines, figures from cartoons of fairy tales. Boy's parents prefreerd space science and vehicles, while girl's parents preferred sky scenery and plants for their children's room.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.71-79
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• 2011

There are high recognitions on the importance of comforts in Elderly living environment, but the circumstance is that studies on seniors facility space itself are approached only in planning level, and studies on lighting environment which is significantly associated with the comfort in the indoor environment of seniors where they actually spend the majority of their time are not that active. This study was intended to deduce cozy bedroom environment to which existing elderly care facility can be improved by using light shelf the lighting system with the advantage of being able to serve both as building sun visor and lighting window simultaneously in order to analyze the interior environment of bedroom space of elderly care facility the indoor space where the aged spend the majority of their life and examine the directions for the improvement of existing building lighting system through remodeling and renovation. In this study, lighting performance analysis was done in a way that the windows of the bedroom unit in existing facility were set in southbound direction based on two standard types and were put under initial simulation with the use of Autodesk Revit 2011, and after the simulation results were converted to Green Building Studio gbXML file to be used in ECOTECT, Daylight Autonomy a dynamic simulation and static natural lighting simulation the existing method of calculating daylight factors were deduced through Ecotect Analysis 2011. In conclusion, exiting standard model was found in such a condition that the daylight factors for both type A and type B were above 5% the proper standard value, and required improvement. In case light shelf the natural lighting system was attached, the daylight factor was improved to proper standard value for type A, and also was improved above existing facility for type B.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.142-154
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of various spatial characteristics on the land surface temperature and to grasp the characteristics of thermal environment by types of urban area in Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do. The spatial data were consisted LST, normalized difference built-up index(NDBI) and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) obtained from Landsat 5 TM and land use and land cover map classified from high resolution digital aerial photograph($10cm{\times}10cm$). The unit space for spatial analysis was built by $500m{\times}500m$ Vector GRID. According to the results of estimation of relationship between thermal environment and spatial characteristics, LST had the highest positive correlation with NDBI by 0.929 and had high positive correlation with impervious area ratio by 0.857. In order to analysis of thermal environment on land use, types of urban area were classified by 4 of residential focus area, industrial focus area, green focus area and mixed area. According to the results of analysis, mean LST of industrial focus area was showed the highest by $21.10^{\circ}C$. But mean LST of green focus area was analyzed the lowest by $18.85^{\circ}C$. In conclusion, the results of this study investigated the effects of spatial characteristics on urban thermal environment and can provide methods and basic informations about land use planning and development density restriction for reduction of urban heat.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.99-115
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• 2024

A worldwide effort is underway to utilize urban parks as a means ofresponding to climate change, providing various benefits to citizens. However, it also has several negative effects, such as an increase in pollen allergies. These negative impacts have been defined as ecosystem disservices and discussed globally, although the discussion remains insufficient domestically. In particular, pollen allergies have been discussed as a typical ecosystem disservice, with negative impacts such as an increase in symptoms attributed to higher pollen production or the growth of trees with higher antigenicity. The WHO reports that approximately 30% of the world's population suffers from pollen allergies. Many recent studies indicate that the harm induced by pollen allergies is expected to increase due to changes in the climate and thermal environment. In this context, we aim to diagnose the allergenicity of current urban parks and assess changes according to climate change scenarios. To achieve this goal, we assess pollen allergenicity in Seoul Children's Grand Park using the Urban Green Space Allergenicity Index (IUGZA) as the first step towards discussing ecosystem disservices. We found that the IUGZA value in the target area exceeds the threshold suggested in previous research, causing harm due to pollen allergies and is expected to increase according to climate change scenarios. We conclude that this result indicates that social harm from pollen allergies in urban parks may increase due to climate change. Therefore, we emphasize the necessity of discussing ecosystem disservices in the composition of urban parks.