• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.813-826
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• 1999

To understand the present status of air pollutant emission data for the greater Seoul area, existing air pollutant emission data were analyzed and compared. For the criteria pollutants, estimation methods of emissions from point, line, and area sources adopted in the previous studies were analyzed and their results were compared. Two sets of VOC emission estimation were also compared and analyzed. There exists a large discrepancy among previous emission data due to the differences in the scope of emission sources and the estimation method including emission factors employed in each estimation. Applications of previous air pollutant emission studies for air quality modeling and related problems were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1997

Status of photochemical air pollution in the Greater Seoul Area (GSA) between 1990 and 1995 was assessed in terms of frequency distributions, number of days exceeding standards, average concentration and meteorological effects. In Seoul compared with other areas in Korea, daily maximum concentration was higher but average concentration was not so high due to lower daily minimum from April to October. The top 5th percentile was high especially in summer season. Average number of days exceeding 100 ppb at monitoring stations in GSA was highest in 1994, the hottest year, but it was only 4 days a year. Mean meteorological pattern of high ozone days could be summarized as low wind speeds, high temperatures, strong solar radiation, and low precipitation. Westerlies were more frequent on high ozone days and at Pangi station located in the eastside of GSA, both number of high ozone days and average concentration were high. Effect of precursor transport on the rise of ozone concentration was, however, not consistently important on the whole in GSA.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.104-126
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the stress distribution and displacement developed in the abutment teeth and residual ridge area by madibular unilateral distal extension removable partial denture with 2 different retainer designs. The retainers on right and left canine and right 2nd molar were Alters clasp in one model and telescopic crown in the other model. The stress distribution of abutment teeth and residual ridge area on two model were compared and analyzed with 3-dimensional finite element method. 150N and 400N forces were applied vertically, 30 degree and horizontally on the central fossa area of left 1st molar of the removable partial denture, and then stress distribution patterns were analyzed and compared. The results were as follows 1. As the magnitude and angulation of applied force were increased, the magnitude of stress on the right and central residual ridge area and the right canine of the telescopic type increased and comparing to those of the Alters clasp type. 2. As the magnitude and angulation of applied force were increased, the mesial direction of displacement on the right residual ridge area and the right tooth of the telescopic type increased and the distal direction of displacement on left residual ridge area and the left canine increased comparing to those of Akers clasp type. 3. As the vertical force was applied, the distal direction of the displacement of the right tooth were greater and that of the left canine was smaller and the upward displacement of the right canine was greater in telescopic partial denture than those of Akers clasp type. 4. As the 30 degree force was applied, the mesial direction of the displacement of the right tooth were greater and the distal direction of the displacement of the left canine was smaller and the upward displacement of the right canine was greater in telescopic partial denture than those of Akers clasp type. In the horizontal force the results were same in right area tooth but the distal direction of displacement was greater in left canine. 5. In both removable partial dentures, as the magnitude and degree of force were increased, the stress and displacement were increased. The compressive force was dominative than the ten sile force. 6. In both removable partial dentures, the magnitude of stress was greater on mucosal tissue area than that of the alveolar bone area on distal extension residual ridge area but the result was reversed on anterior residual ridge area. The displacement was always greater on mucosal tissue area than that of alveolar bone area.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.267-280
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• 1999

To investigate the characteristics of high-ozone occurrences in the Greater Seoul Area(GSA), three high-ozone episodes were selected, for which the ozone warning for concentration above 120 ppb might be issued. The selection was on the basis of morning wind directions and speeds, and daily maximum ozone concentrations measured between 1990 and 1997. The episodes chosen to meet selection criteria were seven days in July 1992, nine days in July 1994, and three days in August 1994, as respectively characterized by southwesterly, easterly, and calm winds in the morning. However, more than 80% of high-ozone days in the GSA were associated with calm winds and the concomitant accumulation of local emission in the morning, rather than being due to transport of ozone or its precursors. This is believed to be the primary reason why ozone concentrations in the GSA varied in a completely different manner even between adjacent monitoring stations. Several premises for initiating research studies for resolving these local variations of ozone concentrations in the GSA are also discussed.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.773-799
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• 2000

The purpose of this paper is to measure the benefits of conservation of the green belt in the Greater Seoul area by CVM using dichotomous choice with a follow-up elicitation method. According to the government's plan, part of the green belt in the Greater Seoul area is to be freed from green belt designation. The mean willingness-topay(WTP) to conserve the green belt in the current state turns out to be about 7,430 won(95% confidence interval 6,220 - 8,640 won) per household, which amounts to 308 billion won per year for entire population of Seoul. This WTP figure is found to be significantly influenced by level of education, sex, and the variables related to the perception and attitudes of respondents.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.15 no.E
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• pp.55-64
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• 1999

The CIT(California Institute of Technology) three-dimensional Eulerian photochemical model was applied to the Greater Seoul Area, Korea for July 24, 1994, a day of the 9-day ozone episode to understand the characteristics of photochemical air pollution problems in the area. The modeling domain was 60km$\times$60km with the girl size of 2km$\times$2km. As the base case emissions, air pollutant emission data of the National Institute of Environmental Research, Korea for the year of 1991 were used with modifications based on EKMA(Empirical Kinetic Modeling Approach) resutls. Comparisons between predicted and observed concentrations showed that the model predicted the peak concentration over the domain reasonably. It was found that the location of the peak ozone concentration was mainly decided by metorological conditions. But the model could not resolve the spatial variations of concentration station by station, which was mainly caused by localized variations in emission and meteorology.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.49-62
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• 2005

Lake Paldang is a main resource of drinking water for 20 million people in the greater Seoul area. Dry deposition amounts of nitrogen and sulfur were estimated for three typical days in each season over the watershed of Lake Paldang. Models- 3/CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality) and MM5 (Mesoscale Model) were used to predict air quality and meteorology, respectively. Aerosols as well as gaseous pollutants were considered. Nitrogen was mainly deposited in the form of HNO, while most of sulfur was deposited in the form of SO$_2$. Contribution of secondary pollutants was the largest in fall since they were transported from the greater Seoul area. However, contribution of secondarily-formed particulate pollutants to the nitrogen deposition was the largest in winter because semi-volatile ammonium nitrate favors lower temperature. Annual deposition amounts of nitrogen and sulfur were 37% and 26% of their emission amounts, respectively, over the watershed of Lake Paldang. Higher value of the nitrogen deposition showed a more influence of pollutants emitted in the greater Seoul area.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.108-121
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• 2008

On January 1, 2005, the Korean Ministry of Environment put into operation a comprehensive program, so called 'Blue Sky 21' project, for the improvement of air quality in greater Seoul metropolitan area. This program was legally based on the 'Special Act on Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement' for Greater Seoul area, which was established in 2003, and should be updated every 10 years. The principal objective of this program is to improve the air quality in Seoul and surrounding area by 2014 to the levels of air quality in Tokyo and Paris, with particular emphases on reducing the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and $PM_{10}$. Any regulation of the emission of toxic air pollutants in general, and $NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ in particular, should be based on human exposure levels and consequential health effects. In this article, the contents and feasibility of the special program were critically evaluated with respect to the reduction of health risks. Important issues for improving not only air quality but public health are discussed, and future requirements for the success of the special program are suggested.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.607-623
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• 2000

Major trends of ozone concentration variations in Korea were investigated by using observation data from around 100 stations for the period of 1991∼1997. In addition, important regulating those variations were inferred. Three measures such as the number of days exceeding 80ppb, the 95th percentile of daily maxima, and the annual average concentration were used for the analysis of multi-scale ozone concentration variations. Three areas in the southwest (Sosan, Mokpo, and Cheju) of which monitoring has been operated since 1995 showed the highest annual average concentrations over; this was noted because of the high annual average in the Yosu area in the early 1990s. Large increases in annual average concentrations were observed along the relatively cleaner areas connecting Kangnung and Kwangju(northeast to southwest), in contrast to polluted areas connecting Seoul and Pusan(northeast to southeast). Both the number of exceedance days and the daily maximum concentration were nearly constant in the Greater Seoul Area in spite of interannual flucturations associated with year-to-year changes in air temperature. Within the Greater Seoul Area, all three measures usually showed the same trend; they decreased in the middle and west and increased in the east and northeast. All three measures including the number of exceedance days increased largely at Sillim where the average concentration was high but no exceedance days were recorded in the early 1999s, Nationwide ozone concentration variations appear to be determined by the competitive influence of long-range transport and local urban emissions, Within the city including the Greater Seoul Area, changes in emission which accompany changes in population and in the number if vehicles ( in the process of urban development) were found to be important components of ozone concentration variations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.1-10
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• 2008

The study was aimed at analyzing the relationship between the characteristics of urban green infrastructure and stormwater runoff in a small urban watershed composed of 22 drainage basins. The green areas of which soils are not sealed and allow water infiltrate, were examined for different types of green spaces. In a comparative study for drainage basins of which green spaces are 15.5% and 34.4%, respectively, runoffs were not different with the size of green space. It was attributed to that the increase of runoff by greater road area offset the advantage of greater green area. Another comparative measurement of runoff for drainage basins with similar green area size showed that runoff decreased with greater permeable area (school ground area) and smaller road area. The runoff measurements could address that runoff rates are affected not only by green area size but also by the type of green area and other land covers related to permeability and flow into drainage. It implicated that the improvement of urban green infrastructure as a functional unit for water infiltration and interception is important for stormwater runoff management.