• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2020

Muons and neutrons are representative secondary particles that are generated by interactions between primary cosmic ray particles (mostly protons) and the nuclei of atmospheric gas compounds. Previous studies reported that muons experience seasonal variations because of the meteorological effects of temperature. The intensity of neutrons has a typical modulation with various periods and reasons, such as diurnal and solar variation or transient events. This paper reports that cosmic ray particles, which were observed by neutron monitors, have seasonal variations using the daily data at the Oulu neutron monitor. To eliminate the effects of solar activity across time, the daily data were normalized by two different transformations: transformations with respect to the grand mean and yearly mean. The data after transformation with respect to the yearly mean showed more statistical stability and clear seasonal variations. On the other hand, it is difficult to determine if the seasonal variation results from terrestrial effects, such as meteorological factors, or extraterrestrial effects, such as the position of the Earth in its orbit of revolution.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.575-580
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 뇌자도 신호의 전체 평균을 구하고 표준뇌를 이용하여 전류원의 해부학적 위치를 대략적으로 추정하는 방법을 제시하였다. Minimum norm estimation 알고리듬과 truncated singular value decomposition을 이용하여 측정된 신호를 재현할 수 있는 전류원 분포를 구하고, 이 전류원에 의해 표준 센서면에서 측정될 것으로 예상되는 신호로 변환한 다음 모든 피실험자에 대한 전체 평균을 구하였다. 모의 실험에서는 서로 다른 위치에서 측정된 피실험자의 뇌자도 신호의 전체 평균에서 얻은 전류원이 각 피실험자의 뇌자도 신호에서 얻은 전류원의 평균값과 수 mm 이내에서 일치하였다. 이는 신호가 미약하더라도 활동 부위의 평균적인 위치를 전체 평균에서 알 수 있음을 보여주며 청각 자극에 대한 N100m 신호의 전류원을 구하여 실험적으로 확인하였다. 또한 이 결과는 전체 평균에서 구한 활동부위의 전류원 정보를 N100m의 전류원을 기준점으로 표준뇌에 대략적으로 표시할 수 있음을 보여준다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.65-73
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• 1988

Food procurement practices were assessed in 31 general hospital's dietetics in terms of the level of processing for purchased food. The level of processing before purchase by the institution was noted by a numerical value. a Food Processing Index (FPI). Labor productivity measured in terms of labor minutes per meal served averaged 12.59 minutes. Responsible persons for procurement practices were mostly dietitians, but effective purchasing methods as well as inventory control techniques were not fully systematized. Dietetic directors anticipate the large increase in the use of convenience foods in the future mainly due to the improved labor productivity, and also a highly increasing demand for completely pre-prepared food items (FPI 3). The grand mean of FPI scores for purchased foods in surveyed hospitals was 3.34, which indicates partially pre-prepared to completely pre-prepared food items. Significant negative correlation was found between the grand mean of FPI scores and the number of beds in a hospital.

• 대기
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.287-298
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• 2012

The predictability of heavy precipitation over the Korean Peninsula is studied using THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) data. The performance of the six ensemble models is compared through the inconsistency (or jumpiness) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for MSLP, T850 and H500. Grand Ensemble (GE) of the three best ensemble models (ECMWF, UKMO and CMA) with equal weight and without bias correction is consisted. The jumpiness calculated in this study indicates that the GE is more consistent than each single ensemble model. Brier Score (BS) of precipitation also shows that the GE outperforms. The GE is used for a case study of a heavy rainfall event in Korean Peninsula on 9 July 2009. The probability forecast of precipitation using 90 members of the GE and the percentage of 90 members exceeding 90 percentile in climatological Probability Density Function (PDF) of observed precipitation are calculated. As the GE is excellent in possibility of potential detection of heavy rainfall, GE is more skillful than the single ensemble model and can lead to a heavy rainfall warning in medium-range. If the performance of each single ensemble model is also improved, GE can provide better performance.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.133-147
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the differences between mothers' and grand mothers' picture book reading behavior with children of ages 2 and 4. Methods: Participants were twenty 2 year olds and their mothers/grandmothers as well as twenty 4 year olds and their mothers/grandmothers. Forty pairs of children/mothers and children/grandmothers, respectively, were videotaped as they shared reading a picture book together. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, mean, standard deviation, and two-way ANOVA test. Results: Results indicated that mothers' and grandmothers' picture book reading behaviors were significantly different in verbal behavior. Mothers performed more explanation and questioning, while grandmothers performed more limitation, directing, and correcting. As far as non-verbal behavior is concerned, mothers used more physicalgestures, pointing, descriptive gestures, and imitative gestures, whereas grandmothers requested certain actions. Conclusion/Implications: These findings have implications for the importance of the mothers'/grandmothers' roles in shared picture book reading with the child.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1078-1087
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• 2018

Objective: The genetic diversity of the Landrace population, a representative maternal pig breed in Korea, is important for genetic improvement. Previously, the effective population size (Ne) has been used to infer the genetic diversity of a population of interest. In this study, we aimed to use single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data to characterize linkage disequilibrium (LD) and the Ne of the Korean Landrace population. Methods: We genotyped 1,128 Landrace individuals from three representative Korean major grand-grand-parent (GGP) farms using the Illumina PorcineSNP60 version2 BeadChip, which covers >61,565 SNPs located across all autosomes and mitochondrial and sex chromosomes. We estimated the expected LD and current Ne, as well as ancestral Ne. Results: In the Korean Landrace population, the mean LD ($r^2$) of 3.698 million SNP pairs was $0.135{\pm}0.204$. The mean $r^2$ decreased slowly with as the distance between SNPs increased, and remained constant beyond 3 Mb. According to the $r^2$ calculations, 8,085 of 3.698 million SNP pairs were in complete LD. The current Ne (${\pm}$standard deviation) of the Korean Landrace population is approximately 92.27 [79.46; 105.07] individuals. The ancestral Ne exhibited a slow and steady decline from 186.61 to 92.27 over the past 100 generations. Additionally, we observed more a rapid Ne decrease from the past 20 to 10 generations ago, compared with other intervals. Conclusion: We have presented an overview of LD and the current and ancestral Ne values in the Korean Landrace population. The mean LD and current Ne for the Korean Landrace population confirm the genetic diversity and reflect the history of this pig population in Korea.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.227-231
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• 1984

중공의 CGMS (cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility)를 한국품종으로 이전하여 그들을 MS유지계통으로 쓸 경우 이들이 임성회복친과 교잡되어 발현될 것으로 기대되는 수중의 잡종강 세정도를 중공의 CGMS계통 및 그 유지계통들과의 잡종과 대비하여 조사검토하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같이 요약된다. 1. 수량의 잡종강세는 heterosis(F$_1$/MP)로 표현하여 113~221.1% 전체평균 150.5%이었고 hetero-beltiosis(F$_1$/better p)로 표현하여 86.1~179.8%전체평균 125.3%이였다. 품종군별로는 중공계통들이 가장 높았는데 유지계통들은 MS계통들보다 높았다. 다음으로 높은 것은 임성회복친들이었고 한국품종으로 유지계통들은 가장 낮은 잡종강세를 보였다. 2. 수량구성요소별로 잡종강세를 heterobeltiosis로 표현해 보면 수수는 전체평균 92.7%로 감소되었고 수당입수는 120.0%로 증가했으며 임실율은 103.0%로 유의할만한 변화가 없었고 천립중은 112%로 증가하였다. 증수에 크게 기여한 수당입수와 천립중의 heterobeltiosis를 품종군별로 보면 수량의 그것과 비슷한 경향이었다. 3. 수량구성요소가 수량에 기여한 정도를 임성회복친별 교배조합군별로 검토하기 위하여 경노계수를 계산하였더니 밀양46, 수원294 및 수원287 조합 모두에서 다같이 수당입수가 0.8073~0..8649로 가장 컸고 다음은 천립중으로 0.2000~0.5032이었다. 4. 품종군별 잡종조합의 수량을 교배조합능력이라고 간주하고 이것을 전체평균에 대한 비율로 계산하여 비교했는데 임성회복친 중 밀양46과 수원294는 일반조합능력은 비슷하나 특수조합능력은 차가 있고 S. 287은 일반조합능력이 떨어진다. 유지계통별로는 중공의 유지계통이 가장 높았고 한국유지계통이 가장 낮았다. 중공의 CGMS를 한국품종으로 이전하는데 있어서의 문제점을 검토하였다.

• 대한안전경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한안전경영과학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.283-293
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• 2008

Analysis of Means(ANOM) is a visualization tool for comparing several means to the grand mean like control chart type. This paper reviews five ANOM methods for continuous data such as ANOM, ANOME (ANOM for Treatment Effects), ANCON (Analysis of Contrasts), ANOMV (ANOM for Variance), ANOMC (ANOM for Correaltion). Three ANOM tools for discrete data such as ANOMNP (ANOM for Nonconforming Proportions), ANOMNC (ANOM for Nonconforming Unit), ANOMNPU (ANOM for Nonconfirmities Per Unit) are also developed.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.1087-1094
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• 2008

본 연구는 활성탄을 사용한 n-hexane의 흡착공정에 있어서 분자수준에서 시작하여 공정단계에 이르는 다중규모 모사에 관하여 기술한다. 분자모사에서는 GCMC(Grand Canonical Monte Carlo) 방법을 이용하여 활성탄에서 n-hexane의 등온흡착식을 예측하고, 2차원 전산유체역학(CFD; Computational fluid dynamics) 모사를 통하여 흡착컬럼 내 유체흐름에 대한 수력학적 특성을 파악한다. 공정모사단계에서는 분자모사 및 유체역학 모사에서 각각 얻은 등온흡착식과 축방향 확산계수값을 이용하여 n-hexane의 용출곡선을 얻는다. 이러한 3단계 다중규모 모사기법을 활용하여 얻은 공정모사 결과는 펄스응답의 실험결과와 비교해볼 때, 온도와 유량변화에 따른 1차 모멘트(평균 체류시간)에 관하여 약 20% 미만의 오차범위에서 일치함을 확인할 수 있다. 이 결과로부터 분자수준에서 시작하는 다중규모 모사는 필요한 실험횟수를 줄이면서 흡착공정 개발을 가속화할 수 있는 가능성을 보여준다.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2013

The length of solar cycle 23 has been prolonged up to about 13 years. Many studies have speculated that the solar cycle 23/24 minimum will indicate the onset of a grand minimum of solar activity, such as the Maunder Minimum. We check the trends of solar (sunspot number, solar magnetic fields, total solar irradiance, solar radio flux, and frequency of solar X-ray flare), interplanetary (interplanetary magnetic field, solar wind and galactic cosmic ray intensity), and geomagnetic (Ap index) parameters (SIG parameters) during solar cycles 21-24. Most SIG parameters during the period of the solar cycle 23/24 minimum have remarkably low values. Since the 1970s, the space environment has been monitored by ground observatories and satellites. Such prevalently low values of SIG parameters have never been seen. We suggest that these unprecedented conditions of SIG parameters originate from the weakened solar magnetic fields. Meanwhile, the deep 23/24 solar cycle minimum might be the portent of a grand minimum in which the global mean temperature of the lower atmosphere is as low as in the period of Dalton or Maunder minimum.