• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• no.6
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• pp.159-178
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• 2000

In systemic grammar an English clause is analysed simultaneously from the point view of its ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function. This study deals with only the ideational function of the three functions, which accounts for the underlying content of a clause. Transitivity is the subsystem of the ideational function. It specifies the different types of process that are recongnized in the language and the structures by which they are expressed. The purpose of the paper is to describe the transitivity of English clause on the basis of systemic approach. For this we analyzed the three subsystems of transitivity which are physical process, mental process and relational process in the form of features. And we described the sets of the features of the three different types of process in English clause in the framework of the system network.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.177-196
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• 2001

Internet, the heart of information network in information society, functions as a major communication tool, and the use of language through internet has become an unavoidable reality. In that context, this study builds a theoretical base on the use of language in internet, analyzes inappropriate use of language in internet in terms of 'sound', 'grammar', and 'meaning'; discusses, based on the findings, 'digital thinking', 'user transition', and 'netiquette and information education'.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.381-388
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• 2020

This paper discusses English Hedges or Hedging Expressions on the basis of their morphosyntactic-pragramatic properties within the perspective of sociolinguistics. The term, 'Hedges' for the past decades since Lakoff(1973), has received little attention from the English grammar circles such as morphosyntax and the generative grammar theories. This paper presents a more comprehensive approach to the identification, distributions, functions, and the morphosyntactic properties of English Hedges. The earlier research on English Hedges in the 70's show that hedges are metalinguistic or mitadiscourse expressions which constitute a means for executing Politeness strategy in pragmatics. Nonetheless, research from the interface of syntactic-pragmatics has been scarce. This article suggests a more complex body of English hedges that have not been extensively discussed in the literature. Additionally, their configurational domain is to be proposed as part of the PolP with [±hedged] above CP⁺ (or CP beyond). The ramifications of the current study are suggested in terms of comparative linguistics, EFL/ESL studies of English for global communication, and pragmatics-sensitive machine translation studies in the forseeable future.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• no.3
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• pp.13-42
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• 1997

The purpose that the curriculum appropriate for the student's level pursues is to offer to a student the curriculum that can satisfy the student's interest, aptitude, and requirements. This curriculum has recently enforced all over the country, but the careful research and the plan for verification on its effect are required so that it may accomplish its purpose. This study, centered on the reading comprehension ability of Freshman English of the High School, aims to suggest a more desirable procedure for organizing and enforcing the curriculum appropriate for the students' level. In order to provide the best curriculum appropriate for the student's level. (1) the diagnosis of the individual student's level should be made first ; (2) the syllabus focused both on the grammar and on the communicative functions should be prepared ; (3) the teaching material on the basis of the syllabus should be selected considering the student's interest. and requirements. The new method of teaching-learning English should also be developed with the enforcement of the new curriculum discussed here. The curriculum appropriate for the student's level has many kinds of problems but these disadvantages should be overcome for providing the better educational system for the individual student.

• Journal of Korean language education
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2012

The development of corpus in recent years has attracted increased research on spoken Korean. Nevertheless, these research outcomes are yet to be meaningfully and adequately reflected in Korean language textbooks. The reported speech marker '-dae' is one of these areas that need more attention. This study investigates whether or not in textbooks '-dae' is clearly explained to English-speaking learners to prevent confusion and misuse. Based on a contrastive analysis of Korean and English, this study argues three points: Firstly, '-dae' should be introduced to Korean learners as an independent sentence ender rather than a contracted form of '-dago hae'. Secondly, it is necessary to teach English-speaking learners that '-dae' is not equivalent to the English report speech form. It functions more or less as a third person marker in Korean. Learners should be informed that '-dae' is used for statements in English, if those statements were hearsay but the source of information does not need to be specified. This is a very distinctive difference between Korean and English and should be emphasized in class when 'dae' is taught. Thirdly, '-dae' should be introduced before indirect speech constructions, because it is mainly used in simple statements and the frequency of '-dae' is very high in spoken Korean.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.311-323
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• 2023

Beef consumers valued meat quality traits such as texture, tenderness, juiciness, flavor, and meat color that determining consumers' purchasing decision. Most research on meat quality has focused on marbling, a key characteristic related to meat eating quality. However, other important traits such as meat texture, tenderness, and color have not much studied in cattle. Among these traits, meat tenderness and texture of cattle are among the most important factors affecting quality evaluation of consumers. Collagen is the main component of connective tissues.It greatly affects meat tenderness. The objective of this study was to determine significant variants and candidate genes associated with collagen contents trait (total collagen) through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Phenotypic and genomic data from 135 Hanwoo were used. The BLUPF90 family program and GRAMMAR method for GWAS were applied in this study. A total of 73 potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) showed significant associations with collagen content. They were located in or near 108 candidate genes. TMEM135 and ME3 genes were identified to have the most significant SNPs associated with collagen contents trait. Data indicated that these genes were related to collagen. Biological processes and pathways for the prediction of biological functions of candidate genes were confirmed. We found that candidate genes were involved in positive regulation of CREB transcription factor activity and actin cytoskeleton related to tenderness and texture of beef. Three genes (CRTC3, MYO1C and MYLK4) belonging to these biological functions were related to tenderness. These results provide a basis for improving genomic characteristics of Hanwoo for the production of tender beef. Furthermore, they could be used they could be used as an index to select desired traits for consumers.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.635-644
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• 2020

This paper examines the types and functions of politeness in German communication and how politeness strategy can be realized. 'Politeness' is not a grammatical terminology in German, but it can be found in many places in grammar. The criteria for politeness are not only organized according to the rules of the language system, but the boundaries are ambiguous because non-language factors affect communication. Politeness is an important strategic element as well as social value. The polite expression first appears in the grammatical level of invariant with the form of address according to the familiarity between the conversational parties, verb modus, and modal particle. Modal particle with familiarity is considered to be a positive politeness strategy that limits the listener's speech by weakening or avoiding face threatening act. Modal verbs is classified as polite expressions that do not impose a psychological burden by not forcing the listener to make a direct request. The results of this study are therefore expected to suggest a rationale for empirical research on politeness in German communication.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.39
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• pp.329-354
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• 2015

The major goals of this paper are to identify the degree into which the meanings of 'see' verb can be extended, focusing on the extended meanings shown in the expressions that denote our instinctive actions for survival, such as eating or drinking, etc., and to clarify the doubt on whether any syntactic pattern can be associated with the meaning in the process of meaning extension of 'see' verb. For doing this task, this paper picked out 2,000 examples randomly from COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English), in which the verb 'see' is used. This paper classified the sentences into thirteen different sentence types, according to the syntactic patterns. This research showed that these thirteen syntactic types lead us to figure out the process of the meaning extension of the verb 'see'. With this result, this paper made an attempt to provide the four steps toward the meaning extension of verb 'see'. The verb 'see' in the first step denotes the meaning of purely seeing the visualized objects. This verb in the second step expresses the shifted function, under which the agent in the subject position takes the seeing action as a secondary task in order to carry out other main task. The verb in the third step denotes the extended meanings irrelevant to the seeing action, because the sentences on this step do not contain any visualized objects. In the last step this verb functions as conventional implicature whose meaning does not contribute to the whole meaning of a sentence. In addition, this paper identified that the syntactic properties are deeply associated with the process of meaning extension of the verb 'see', and tried to formalize this relationship between the syntax and semantics within the framework of Construction Grammar based on A. Goldberg.

• English & American cultural studies
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.83-103
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• 2013

This paper focuses on the function of suicidal images in the history of art including literature. Death has been romanticized or repoliticized into an existential act of defiance and rebellion in literary works, so questions remain about the correlation between literary suicide and the essence of suicide. Although Jacques Ranciere insists that the order of art contrasts with the order of common people whose acts and gestures can express either their specific purposes nor the rationalities of their frustration, literary suicide reflects the outside life of readers. In fact, images of suicide produces the order of things about the real world. William Shakespeare's Hamlet handled two oppositional self-murder significantly. As Ron M. Brown pointed out, Hamlet, by choosing confrontation, seeks out an end which is voluntary, thus he avoids self-destruction and feels triumph of heroic fashion. Ophelia's self-chosen death stems from loss, frailty and the disintegration of reason, which demeans the act and diminishes her from the tragic to the pathetic(16). In the $19^{th}$ century, the resurrection of Ophelia acted as the context for later periods where life itself is fictionalized from the differing periods of network of signifier and texts. Finally, in Ophelia's case, fiction became life(Brown 285). Her suicidal image was fixed in the Victorian Culture whose visual discourse was strikingly similar to that of the men. Likewise, the ambiguities of the suicide became intertwined with the social, cultural issues of a certain period, and the paradigm of suicide was conformed to the changing needs of successive generations. However, if literary art understands that a European culture grappled with the almost impossible task and coming to terms with this strangest and most persistent of phenomena, it will be able to focus on of the multi-layered suicide by recognizing the inherent instability of the verbal sign which cannot reveal the design and grammar of truth.

• Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2022

Learning C programming language in electronics education is an important basic education course for understanding computer programming and acquiring the ability to use microprocessors in embedded systems. In order to focus on understanding basic grammar and algorithms, it is a common teaching method to write programs based on C standard library functions in the console window and learn theory and practice in parallel. However, if a student wants to start a project activity or go to a deeper stage after acquiring some basic knowledge of the C language, using only the C standard library function in the console window limits what a student can express or control with the C program. For the purpose of making it easier for a student to use graphics or multimedia resources and increase educational value, this paper studies a case of applying Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL), an open source software, into the C programming language learning process. The SDL-based programming course applied after completing the basic programming curriculum performed in the console window is introduced, and the educational value is evaluated through a survey. As a result, more than 56% of the respondents expressed positive opinions in terms of improved application ability, stimulating interest, and overall usefulness, and less than 4% of them had negative opinions.