• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.90-94
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• 2016

In this work, [$Pb(Mg_{1/2}W_{1/2})_{0.03}(Ni_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})_x(Zr_{0.5}Ti_{0.5})_{0.97-x}O_3-BiFeO_3$] (x=0.02 to 0.12) composition ceramics were fabricated by the conventional soild state reaction method and their microstructure and piezoelectric properties were investigated according to PNN substitution. The addition of small amount of $BiFeO_3$, $Li_2CO_3$, and $CaCO_3$ were used in order to decrease the sintering temperature of the ceramics. The XRD (x-ray diffraction patterns) of all ceramics exhibited a perovskite structure. The sinterability of PMW-PNN-PZT-BF ceramics was remarkably improved using liquid phase sintering of $CaCO_3$, $Li_2CO_3$. However, it was identified from of the X-ray diffraction patterns that the secondary phase formed in grain boundaries decreased the piezoelectric properties. According to the substitution of PNN, the crystal structure of ceramics is transformed gradually from a tetragonal to rhombohedral phase. The x=0.10 mol PNN-substituted PMW-PNN-PZT-BF ceramics sintered at $920^{\circ}C$ showed the optimum values of piezoelectric constant($d_{33}$), piezoelectric figure of merit($d_{33{\cdot}}g_{33}$), planar piezoelectric coupling coefficient($k_p$) and density : $d_{33}=566$ [pC/N], $g_{33}=29.28[10^{-3}mV/N]$, $d_{33{\cdot}}g_{33}=16.57[pm^2/N]$, $k_p=0.61$, density=7.82 [$g/cm^3$], suitable for duplex ultrasonic sensor application.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 1994년도 춘계학술대회강연 및 발표대회 강연및 발표논문 초록집
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• pp.6-6
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• 1994

Har dmaterials such as cemented carbides with or without coated layer, cermets, ceramics and diamond or c-BN high pressure sintered compact are used for cutting tools, wear -resistant parts, rock drilling bits and/or high pressure vessels. These hardmaterials contain not only hard phase, but also second consituent as the element for forming ductile phase and/or sintering aid, and the mechanical properties of each material depend on (1) the amount of the second constituent as well as (2) the grain size of the hard phase. The hardness of each material mainly depends on these two factors. The fracture strength, however, largely depends on other microstructur a1 factors as well as the above two factors. For all hardmaterials, the fracture strength is consider ably affected by (3) the size of microstructur a1 defect which acts as the fracture source. In cemented carbides, the following factors which are generated mainly due to the addition of the second constituent are also important; (4) the variation of the carbon content in the normal phase region free from V-phase and graphite phase, (5) the precipitation of $Co_3$ during heating at about $800^{\circ}C$,(6) the domain size of binder phase, and (7) the formation of ${\beta}$-free layer or Co-rich layer near the surface of sintered compacts. For cemented carbides coated with thin hard substance, the important factors are as follows; (8) the kind of coated substance, (9) the formation of ${\eta}$-phase layer at the interface between coated layer and substrate, (10) the type of residual stress (tension or compression) in the coated layer which depends on the kind of coating method (CVD or PVD), and (11) the properties of the substrate, and (12) the combination, coherency and periodicity of multi-layers. In the lecture, the details of these factors and their effect on the strength will be explained.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.74-80
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• 2017

This study focuses on the effects of doping $Zn_2BiVO_6$ and $Co_3O_4$ on the sintering and electrical properties of ZnO; where, ZZ consists of 0.5 mol% $Zn_2BiVO_6$ in ZnO, and ZZCo consists of 1/3 mol% $Co_3O_4$ in ZZ. As ZnO was sintered at about $800^{\circ}C$, the liquid phases, which are composed of $Zn_2BiVO_6$ and $Zn_2BiVO_6$-rich phases, were found to be segregated at the grain boundaries of sintered ZZ and ZZCo, respectively, which demonstrates that $V_o^{\cdot}$(0.33~0.36 eV) are formed as dominant defects according to the analysis of admittance spectroscopy. As $Co_3O_4$ is doped to ZZ, the resistivity of ZnO decreases to ~38%, while donor density ($N_d$), interface state density ($N_t$), and barrier height (${\Phi}_b$) increase twice higher than those of ZZ, according to C-V characteristics. This result harbingers that ZZCo and its derivative compositions will open the gate for ZnO to be applied as more progressive varistors in the future, as well as the advantageous opportunity of manufacturing ZnO chip varistors at lower sintering temperatures below $900^{\circ}C$.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.246-254
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• 1993

DRAM 커패시터에서 축정용량을 증대시키기 위한 기초연구로서 2가지 방법을 시도하였다. 첫째로, 커패시터의 유효 표면적을 증대시키기 위해 HSG(hemispherical grain)와 rugged 형태의 표면형상을 갖는 폴리실리콘 전극을 저압 화학기상증착법을 이용하여 제잘하였다. 그 결과 기존의 평평한 폴리실리콘 전극에 비하여 유효면적이 증대된 폴리실리콘 전극이 형성되었다. 둘째로, 고유 전상수를 갖는 $Ta_2O_5$ 박막을 각각의 전극에 플라즈마 화학기상증착법으로 증착시키고 후열처리한 후 전기적 특성변화를 조사하였다. MIS(metal-insulator-semiconductor) 구조의 커패시터를 제작하여 전기적 특성을 측정한 결과, HSG와 rugged 형상의 표면을 갖는 전극에서 기존의 평평한 표면을 갖는 전극에 비하여 축전용량은 1.2~1.5배까지 증대하였으나, 주설전류는 표면적의 증가에 따라 함께 증가함을 보였다. TDDB 특성에서도 HSG와 rugged 형상의 표면을 갖는 전극들이 평평한 표면형상에 비하여 더 열화되었음을 보여주었다. 이상과 같은 결과는 $Ta_2O_5$ 유전박막을 이용한 차세대 DRAB 커패시터 연구에 기초자료로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 본다.

• 한국결정학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국결정학회 1999년도 정기총회 및 춘계학술연구발표회
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• pp.1-1
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• 1999

부유대용융법에 의하여 불순이온의 종류와 각 이온의 주입 농도를 달리하는 Rutile 단결정을 성장하였다. 성장된 결정으로부터 제조한 박편시료를 이용하여 결정결함과 광투과도에 미치는 각 불순이온의 영향을 조사하였다. 결정성장용 주원료로 99.99%의 TiO2를 사용하고, 불순이온 주입을 위한 원료로서 99.99%의 Al2O3, H3BO3, Ga2O3, Sc2O3, V2O5, Fe2O3, ZrO2, Er2O3, Cr2O3를 각각 사용하였다. 불순이온의 종류에 따르는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 TiO2 99.8 atomic%-불순이온 0.2atomic%의 조성이 되도록 각 이온별로 원료를 정밀하게 평량하고 균일 혼합하였다. 불순 이온의 첨가량에 따르는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 Al2O3는 각각 pure, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 atomic%를, Cr2O3는 pure, 0.003, 0.05, 0.2 atomic%를 각각 치환하여 원료를 조합하였다. 균일 혼합된 원료를 직경 8mm의 고무 튜브에 넣고 CIP(Cold Isostatic Press0에서 2000kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$의 압력으로 성형한 후 150$0^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 소결함으로서 결정성장용 다결정 원료를 합성하였다. 합성된 다결정을 double ellipsoidal mirror 내에 설치하고,halogen lamp로 가열하여 원료의 한쪽 끝을 용융한 다음, 20rpm의 회전속도, 3-5mm/hr의 성장속도로 하는 유속 1$\ell$/min의 O2 분위기속에서 부유대용융법에 의하여 결정을 성장하였다. 성장된 결정을 성장축에 수직한 방향으로 각각 절단, 연삭, 연마한 박편을 이용하여 편광하에서 low-angle grain boundaries 및 기타의 결정결함을 관찰하였으며, 0.3$\mu\textrm{m}$~0.8$\mu\textrm{m}$ 범위 및 0.6$\mu\textrm{m}$~3.4$\mu\textrm{m}$ 범위에서의 투과 및 흡수 스펙트럼을 측정하였다. 결정 성장 결과 B3+, Er3+, Cr3+ 이온은 Ti4+ 이온과 이온의 크기 차이가 심하여 결정의 정상적인 성장을 방해하는 물성을 나타냈고, V5+, Cr3+ 이온은 흑색의 결정, Fe3+ 이온은 적갈색의 결정으로 성장되었다. Al3+, Zr4+, Al3+의 순서로 투과도가 높아지는 것이 관찰되었다. 불순이온의 농도에 따른 영향으로서 Al3+ 이온의 경우 주입농도가 높아질수록 low angle boundary와 oxygen deficiency가 감소하였고, 투과율은 조금 감소하거나 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 Cr3+ 이온을 주입한 경우 0.003 atomic%에서 최적의 물성을 보였으며, 주입농도가 높아질수록 결정성장이 어려워지고 광의 투과도가 급격히 저하되었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 1968

본(本) 실험(實驗)은 적자(積子) Colchicine 처리(處理)로 획득(獲得)된 10년생(年生) 4배체(倍體) 소나무에 대(對)하여 교잡(交雜)에 의(依)한 유용(有用)한 동이질배수체(同異質倍數體)를 육성(育成)한 목적(目的)으로 세포학적(細胞學的) 관찰(觀察)을 행(行)하는 동시(同時)에 그의 형태적(形態的) 생리적(生理的) 특성(特性)을 연구(硏究) 조사(調査)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 유엽기부(幼葉基部) 염색체수(染色體數)는 대조목(對照木)은 2n=24 변이체(變異體)는 2n=48로 4배체(倍體)임을 확인(確認)하였다. 2. 침엽(針葉)의 착생밀도(着生密度)는 소(疎)하고 비후(肥厚)하다. 총합엽(總合葉)은 2%가량(可量) 발생(發生)하였다. 3. 침엽중앙부위(針葉中央部位)의 기공대수(氣孔帶數)는 개체(個體)에 따라 차(差)가 있으나 2배체(倍體)와 대차(大差)없고 공변세포(孔邊細胞)의 장경(長徑)은 36% 증대(增大)하고 있다. 4. 웅화(雄花)는 정상적(正常的)으로 발육(發育)하였으며 장경(長徑)의 크기는 2배체(倍體)와 별차(別差)없고 화분립(花粉粒) 크기는 약(約) 20% 증대(增大)하였다. 5. 화분(花粉)의 배양기상(培養基上)에서 발아율(發芽率)은 치상후(置床後) 17시간(時間)까지는 2배체(倍體)에 비(比)하여 증진(增進)하나 26시간후(時間後)에는 저하(低下)하였다. 연(然)이나 각(各) 치상시간별(置床時間別) 화분관(花粉管)의 최장관(最長管)의 길이는 2배체(倍體)보다 장(長)하게 발육(發育)하였다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.587-601
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• 1997

This study had three purposes: (1) to investigate the enrichment levels and dispersion patterns of potentially toxic elements in the rock-soil-plant system; (2) to evaluate the uptake ratios of heavy metals from soils into plants and (3) to assess the chemical speciation of heavy metals in soils. Rock, surface soil and plant samples were collected in the Boeun area underlain by black shales of the Okchon Zone. These samples were analyzed for multi-elements using INAA, ICP-AES and AAS. The maximum abundance of U in black shales is 16 mg/kg and radioactivity counts up to 300 cpm. In particular, Mo, V, Ba, Cd, Pb and U are enriched in black shales. Most of soils derived from black shales show high concentrations of U, As, Mo, Ba, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn and mean concentrations of As and Mo in soils (20 mg/kg of As and 6.6 mg/kg of Mo) are higher than the permissible level suggested by Kloke (1979). Enrichment index values of soils are calculated and higher than 1.0 in the black shale area with the highest value of 6.4. Mean concentration of Cd in plants is higher than those of Cu, Pb and Zn. The concentration of Cd in plant species decreases in the order of Chinese cabbage > red pepper > soybean=sesame > rice stalk > com > rice grain. The biological absorption coefficients (BAC) in plants are in the order of Cd > Zn=Cu > Pb, which suggests that Cd is more bioavailable to plants than Cu, Pb and Zn. From the results of sequential extraction analysis of soils, relatively high proportion of Cu, Pb and Zn are present as residual fractions whereas that of Cd as non-residual fractions. Cadmuim occurs predominantly as exchangeable/water-acid soluble phase in soils, and Cd is more mobile and bioavailable than Cu, Pb and Zn.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2009년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.100-100
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• 2009

ZnO 바리스터는 정전기 및 순간적인 surge로부터 전자기기 및 전자회로 등을 보호하기 위해 개발된 전자 세라믹스 소재이다. 최근 전자기기 등의 고속통신 추세에 따라 ZnO 바리스터는 높은 비선형 특성과 함께 보다 낮은 유전율 및 유전손실 특성이 특별히 요구되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 현재 양산되고 있는 Bi-계와 Pr-계 ZnO 바리스터가 아닌 새로운 조성계를 이용하여 Y 첨가량(0.1~3.0 at%)에 따른 ZnO 바리스터의 전기적 특성과 유전 특성을 살펴보았다. 시편은 일반적인 세라믹 공정에 따라 제조하여 $1200^{\circ}C$에서 3 시간 공기 중에서 소결하였으며, 소결 및 전기적 특성과 유전 특성(밀도, 미세구조, I-V 특성, 유전율, 유전손실, ZnO grain 비저항)은 FE-SEM, Keithley237, Agilent 4294a 및 Agilent 4991a 장비를 사용하여 Y 함량에 따른 ZnO 바리스터의 특성 변화를 고찰하였다. 그 결과, Y이 2.0 at% 첨가한 계의 바리스터 특성이 가장 우수하였다. 보다 구체적으로 살펴보면 다음과 같다. Y 함량이 증가함에 따라 상대밀도는 94~96%로 증가하였으며, 평균입경은 증가하였다. 또한 유전율은 580~215 (at 1 MHz)로 Y 함량이 증가할수록 낮아졌다. 이를 통하여 새로운 바리스터 조성계에서 Y의 첨가 효과에 대하여 논하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.481-487
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• 1995

A survey of physical inputs was conducted on the total population of dairy farms supplying milk to the Rewa cooperative dairy company in Fiji. The critical inputs associated with total farm milk production were determined using multiple regression, with analyses being conducted for each of the three identified supplier groups, bulk milk, canned milk and cream. Mean annual milk production per cow averaged 1460 (s.d. = 319), 889 (s.d. = 321) and 800 (s.d. = 451) litres for the bulk milk, canned milk and cream suppliers respectively. Stocking rate averaged 1.37 (s.d. = 1.18) cows per hectare over all farms. Inputs to pasture were universally low and Navua sedge (Cyperus aromaticus) was identified as a major weed. The average amount of supplement fed annually on a grain equivalent basis was 700 (s.d. = 984) kg per cow for bulk milk, 84 (s.d. = 198) kg per cow for canned milk and 146 (s.d. = 542) kg per cow for cream suppliers. The analysis of data from a small group of farms using nitrogen fertiliser indicated that their production levels were higher than the general population. This suggests that there is potential for the Fijian dairy industry to increase milk production through the use of higher inputs to cows and pastures. The regression models relating annual milk production from farms to the two key inputs of number of cows milked and the amount of supplement fed were all significant (p < 0.001). The coefficients of determination for these models ranged from 56.9 to 89.4 percent.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2015

Purpose: The selective laser melting (SLM) process for dentistry, which is one of the additive manufacturing technologies (AM) allows for rapid production of a three-dimensional model with complex shape by directly melting metal powder. This process generates detailed items of a three-dimensional model shape through consolidation of a thin powder layer by utilizing both selective melting and laser beam simultaneously. In regard to SLM process, Fe-base powder, Ti-6AI-4V powder, AI-base powder, etc. have been researched. It is believed that the aforementioned technologies will be widely utilized in manufacturing metal parts using metal powder of raw material. This study chose Ni-Cr-Mo metal powder in order to manufacture metal powder materials that would be used in the selective laser melting for dentistry. Methods: This study manufactured metal powder using mechanical alloying technique (MA) among those metal powder manufacturing techniques. Moreover, this study aimed to utilize the metal powder manufactured after observing the characteristics of powder as preliminary data of Ni-Cr-Mo metal powder. This study could obtain the following conclusions within the experimental limitations. Results: As a result of mechanically alloying Ni-Cr-Mo powder over time, its mean particle size was $66.93{\mu}m$ $54.4{\mu}m$ and $45.39{\mu}m$ at 10h, 20h and 30h, respectively. The gtain form of metal powder by mechanical alloying technique was a sponge-like shape of irregular plate; however, the gtain form manufactured by high-pressure water aromization process had the following three types: globular type, chain type and oval type. Conclusion: This study found $37.65{\mu}m$ as the mean particle size of Ni-Cr-Mo metal powder, which was manufactured using water atomization technique under the following conditions: water atomization flux of 300 liter/min, hydraulic pressure of $400kgf/cm^2$ and injection angle of $45^{\circ}$. This study confirmed that the grain form of powder (solid particle form) would vary depending on the manufacturing process.