• 한국작물학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.112-121
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• 2007

Grain filling is a crucial factor that determines grain yield in crops since it is the final process directly associated with crops' yield performance. Grain filling process can be characterized by the interaction of rate and duration of grain filling. This study was conducted, using 16 temperate japonica rice genotypes, with aims to (1) seek variations in grain filling duration and rate on area basis, (2) compare the contribution of grain filling duration and rate to grain yield, and (3) examine the influence of temperature and solar radiation for effective grain filling on grain yield in relation to grain filling duration and rate. Grain filling rate and duration exhibited highly significant variations in the ranges of $20.7{\sim}46.3\;g\;m^{-2}d^{-1}\;and\;11.2{\sim}35.5$ days, respectively, depending on rice genotypes. Grain yield on unit area basis was associated positively with grain filling duration but negatively with grain filling rate. Grain filling rate and duration were negatively correlated with each other. Final grain weight increased linearly with the rise in both cumulative mean temperature and cumulative solar radiation for effective grain filling. Higher cumulative mean temperature and cumulative solar radiation for effective grain filling were the results of longer grain filling duration, but not necessarily higher daily mean temperature and daily solar radiation for effective grain filling. Grain filling rate demonstrated an increasing tendency with the rise in daily mean temperature for effective grain filling but their relationship was not obviously clear. It was concluded that grain filling duration, which influenced cumulative mean temperature and cumulative solar radiation for effective grain filling, was the main factor that determined grain yield on unit area basis in temperate Japonica rice.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.354-354
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• 2017

Rice grain yield is determined by crop dry matter production that is sensitive to temperature. Our objective was to determine whether the difference in temperature between years had an impact on the relationship between yield components and grain yield. Field experiments were conducted under machine transplanting cultivation by using yield data of two japonica rice varieties, Odaebyeo (early maturing) and Nampyeong (mid-late maturing), in 2013 to 2016 in Suwon, Korea. Plant height, dry weight, and yield components were examined by analysis of variance, correlation. The milled rice yield of the two varieties were the highest in 2016, however the lowest yields were observed in the different years. In 2016, Odaebyeo produced $0.96t\;ha^{-1}$ greater milled rice yield than in 2015, and Nampyeong produced $1.11t\;ha^{-1}$ greater yield than in 2013. The correlation analysis indicated that spikelet per panicle (R = 0.53) was associated with grain yield of Odaebyeo. In Nampyeong, biomass at heading date (R = 0.74), 1000-grain weight (R = 0.71), spikelet per panicle (R = 0.58), and panicle number per $m^2$ were associated with grain yield. Sink size (spikelet number per $m^2$) of the two varieties responded to accumulative temperature from transplanting to panicle initiation stage. In this experiment, optimal accumulative temperature before panicle initiation has effect on increased spikelet number and/or number of panicle that were mainly responsible for yield difference. Rice production research to increase grain yield should consider all yield components, but increased emphasis on biomass production before heading is also necessary as well as grain ripening conditions.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.318-325
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• 1986

논보리 수량에 미치는 기상의 영향을 구명하고자 답리작 9개 시험지에서 12개년간 수행한 올보리의 보리쌀 수양성적을 발표하고 이 시기에 조사된 수량구성요소와 기상관측치와의 관계를 검토하였던 바 몇가지 결과를 얻었기에 여기에 보고하는 바이다. 1. 보리쌀 수량은 전작에 비하여 답리작에서 감수되었고 지역간에도 차이가 현저하였으며 경남은 보리 재배에 안전성이 있었다. 2. 보리쌀 수량의 연차간 변리계수는 12.2~42.6%로서 풍ㆍ흉연간의 차이가 현저하였고, 출수기는 풍년이 흉년보다 남부가 중부보다 빨랐으며, 출수기와 수양간에는 부의 유의상관이 존재하여 출수기가 빠른 것이 증수되었다. 3. 풍년은 흉년보다 간장이 긴반면 수장은 짧은 경향이었고 수당입수는 비슷하였으나 천립중은 가벼웠으며 수수와 수량과는 고도의 정의 유의상관이 인정되어 풍ㆍ흉에 관계없이 수수가 $m^2$당 500개 이상이었던 것은 보리쌀이 10a당 250kg 이상 생산되었다. 4. 보리의 수량에 미친 온도는 풍년이 흉년에 비하여 감온성에 영향하는 영양생장기는 고온으로 교대기는 저온으로 경과되었고 감광에 지배되는 생식생장기는 비슷하였으며 월동기간의 온도와 보리 수양간에는 일정한 경향이 없었다. 5. 강우량은 풍년이 흉년보다 파종기는 적었고 유묘기에는 많았으나 월동기간에는 적었다. 4월 상순의 강우량과 논보리 수량과는 부의 유의상관이 있었는데 이 시기에 강우량이 40mm 이상이었던 것은 보리쌀이 10a당 250kg 이하로 생산되어 보리의 수량 결정적인 영향을 하있으며 4월 중순 이후에는 풍년이 흉년보다 다소 많은 경향이었다. 6. 일조시간은 풍년이 흉년보다 파종기에는 길었고 월동기간은 짧았으며 해동후 수확기까지는 긴 상태로 경과하였는데 일조시간이 보리 수량에 미친 영향은 온도 및 강우량보다 명백하지 않았다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.401-408
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• 2012

The grain and agronomic characteristics of Korean barley cultivars were investigated with respect to ethanol yield. Test weight, grain yield, and starch yield showed noticeable variation among the cultivars. Grain yields were higher in covered barley and non-waxy barley. Starch yield was higher in non-waxy barley than waxy barley. Protein, ${\beta}$-glucan, and starch content of tested cultivars ranged in 10.0-12.9%, 4.4-7.5% and 49.7-65.3%, respectively. Naked barley cultivar had higher starch content than covered barley cultivar. However, covered barley had high starch yield because it has higher grain yield than naked barley. Covered barley cultivar had higher husk content, ranging 7.6-14.0%, than that of naked barley cultivar, ranging 5.3-8.0%. Starch content was positively correlated with amylose content, test weight, ethanol yield and negatively correlated with protein, husk, ${\beta}$-glucan content. Ethanol yield per ton was positively correlated with starch content, but negatively correlated with husk content. Ethanol yield per hectare was positively correlated with starch yield, grain yield, grain weight and negatively correlated with protein, test weight. From this research, the important characteristics of barley cultivar as a bioethanol producing material were starch content and grain yield. Optimum barley genotype was non-waxy naked barley that had low protein, ${\beta}$-glucan, husk content, and high starch content and grain yield.

• 드라이브 ㆍ 컨트롤
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.36-43
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• 2024

The yield is basic and necessary information in precision agriculture that reduces input resources and enhances productivity. Yield information is important because it can be used to set up farming plans and evaluate farming results. Yield monitoring systems are commercialized in the United States and Japan but not in Korea. Therefore, such a system must be developed. This study was conducted to develop a yield monitoring system that improved performance by correcting a previously developed flow sensor using a grain tank-weighing system. An impact-plated type flow sensor was installed in a grain tank where grains are placed, and grain tank-weighing sensors were installed under the grain tank to estimate the weight of the grain inside the tank. The grain flow rate and grain weight prediction models showed high correlations, with coefficient of determinations (R2) of 0.9979 and 0.9991, respectively. A main controller of the yield monitoring system that calculated the real-time yield using a sensor output value was also developed and installed in a combine harvester. Field tests of the combine harvester yield monitoring system were conducted in a rice paddy field. The developed yield monitoring system showed high accuracy with an error of 0.13%. Therefore, the newly developed yield monitoring system can be used to predict grain weight with high accuracy.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.408-417
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• 2016

Purpose: Yield monitoring systems are an essential component of precision agriculture. They indicate the spatial variability of crop yield in fields, and have become an important factor in modern harvesters. The objective of this paper was to review research trends related to yield monitoring sensors for grain crops. Methods: The literature was reviewed for research on the major sensing components of grain yield monitoring systems. These major components included grain flow sensors, moisture content sensors, and cutting width sensors. Sensors were classified by sensing principle and type, and their performance was also reviewed. Results: The main targeted harvesting grain crops were rice, wheat, corn, barley, and grain sorghum. Grain flow sensors were classified into mass flow and volume flow methods. Mass flow sensors were mounted primarily at the clean grain elevator head or under the grain tank, and volume flow sensors were mounted at the head or in the middle of the elevator. Mass flow methods used weighing, force impact, and radiometric approaches, some of which resulted in measurement error levels lower than 5% ($R^2=0.99$). Volume flow methods included paddle wheel type and optical type, and in the best cases produced error levels lower than 3%. Grain moisture content sensing was in many cases achieved using capacitive modules. In some cases, errors were lower than 1%. Cutting width was measured by ultrasonic distance sensors mounted at both sides of the header dividers, and the errors were in some cases lower than 5%. Conclusions: The design and fabrication of an integrated yield monitoring system for a target crop would be affected by the selection of a sensing approach, as well as the layout and mounting of the sensors. For accurate estimation of yield, signal processing and correction measures should be also implemented.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.234-234
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• 2017

Recent abnormal weather, especially continued rainfall during sowing season causes difficulty in proper sowing of wheat and delayed sowing after November 15 is concerned about freezing damage during winter, resulting in reduction of wheat yield. To correspond government policy of crop sufficiency improvement and produce and supply raw wheat and barley steadily, expansion of cultivation area is necessary and spring sowing of wheat is required. To obtain basic information on the improvement of spring sown wheat and barley production, comparison and path coefficients analysis was conducted for yield and yield related components from autumn and spring sown wheat and barley. Path analyses were known as very useful in clarifying the effects of yield components on grain yield formation, which were not accurately reflected in simple correlation anaylses. Most cultivated 5 wheat and 9 barley cultivars were sown on October and February at Cheon-ju province according to standard sowing method. For the spring sowing of wheat and barley, the varieties having vernalization degree I~III are seeded in the mid of February and seeding rate is 200~250kg/ha which is increased by 25% than autumn sowing. N-fertilizer of 95 kg/ha and the same amount of P, K dressed in autumn are applied at once as basal fertilizer. The magnitude of direct effect in each yield components on yield was in sequence as follows. In autumn wheat, grain number per $spike{\geq}$ the number of spike per $m^2$>1000-grain weight and in spring wheat, grain number per $ spike{\geq}the$ number of spike per $m^2$> 1000-grain weight. In autumn naked barley, 1000-grain weight> the number of spike per $m^2$, grain number per spike and in spring barely, the number of spike per $m^2$> grain number per spike > 1000-grain weight. In autumn covered barley, grain number per spike>the number of spike per $m^2$ and in spring coverd barley, the number of spike per $m^2$> grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight. In autumn malt barley, the number of spike per $m^2$>1000-grain weight and in spring malt barley, the direct effects of three yield components were similar. According to the path analysis of yield components for spring sown wheat and barley, it was suggested that adequate number of spike per $m^2$ was most important factor for yield increase.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-4
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• 1970

단백자원으로서 가장 중요한 작물인 대두의 자실수량, 단백 및 유분수량이 품종별로 파종기 및 석회시용량의 차이에 따라서 어떻게 영양을 받는가를 구명하기 위하여 우리나라 중부지방의 주요대두품종 충북백, 육우 003 및 장단백목을 공시하여 파종기를 5월 22일(대두단작재배) 및 6월 11일(맥후작재배) 및 7월 1일 (만파재배)로 달리하고 석회시용량을 10a당, 0.5kg, 100kg으로 다르게 처리하여 본 시험을 1969년 서울대학교 농과대학 부속농장에서 실시하였다. 본 시험성적에서 나타난 대두의 수량형질, 단백 및 유분수량에 대한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 공시된 품종중 육우003의 자실수량이 가장높았다는데 이는 육우003에 주당협수가 다른 품종보다 현저히 많다는 데에서 기인되었다. 단백함량은 충북백>육우003>장단백목의 순위였고 지유함량은 장단백목>충북백>육우003의 순위였으나 단위면적당 단백수량 및 지유수량은 자실수량이 많았던 륙우003가 가장 많았다. 그러나 이와같은 품종간 수량차이는 파종기에 따라서 각각 다르게 나타나고 있으므로 설계재배에 있어서는 품종과 파종기간의 관계를 크게 고려하여야 할 것이다. 2. 제1파종기와 제2파종기간에 자실수량차이는 없었으며 만파재배인 제3파종기에서는 자실수량이 현저히 감소되었다. 이와같은 현상은 제3파종기에서 1주당협수의 감소가 현저했기 때문으로 고찰된다. 단백질함량과 지유함량은 파종기에 따라 별로 변화하지는 않았으나 단백수량 및 지유수량은 제3파종기에서 자실수량의 감소와 함께 현저히 감소하였다. 3. 석회시용량의 증가에 따라서 분지수 협수가 증가하였으며 자실수량도 증가하였다. 본 시험에서는 자실수량이 석회 100kg/10a 시요구에서 가장 높았다. 단백함량도 석회시용량을 증가함에 따라 증가하였으나 지유함량은 석회무시용구가 가장 높았다. 단백수량은 석회시용량의 증가에 따라 자실수량 및 단백함량이 같이 증가되었기 때문에 현저히 증수되었으며 지유함량은 자실수량의 증가에 의해서만 증수되었다. 4. 수량형질간의 상관관계를 보면 경장과 주당경중, 100립중 및 자실수량간에 주당경중과 주당맥수 및 자실수량간에, 주당분지수와 100립중간에, 주당협수와 자실수량간에, 100립중과 단백함량간에는 고도의 정(+)의 상관관계를 인정할수 있었으며, 주당협수와 100립중간에는 부(-)의 상관관계가 있었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.221-227
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• 1971

수원 213, 수원 214, 진흥 및 팔달의 한계수량을 각엽위엽의 한계 수량으로부터 계산하였다. 한계수량의 패턴이 각엽의 백분을 기여도에 따라 IR 667계통은 상위엽 의존형인 반면 진흥과 팔달은 하위엽 의존형으로 구분할 수 있었다. 이러한 패턴은 각기 조기노화 및 내음성과 관련될 것으로 추정되었다. 한계수량과 실수랑을 비교한 결과 초형이 비교적 불량한 진흥과 팔달은 보다 더 한계수량에 미달하였다. 한계수량이 갖는 영양생리 및 육종에 있어서의 의의를 검토하였으며 한계수량 측정방법도 논의하였다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.224-231
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the varietal differences in leaf senescence during ripening stage and its relation to grain yield of rice. During grain filling period leaf senescence was evaluated by SPAD readings (an indirect indicator of chlorophyll content) for 74 varieties including local, improved domestic, and introduced varieties in the field condition. Leaf senescence was varied greatly among 74 varieties. Jodongji and Dadajo known as local rice varieties had significantly lower SPAD value than the other varieties and became senescent rapidly. However, SPAD value of the flag leaf and 2nd leaf of SNU-SG1 were much higher than the other varieties and leaves of SNU-SG1 also showed a tendency of delayed senescence compared to the other varieties. There were significantly positive correlation between cumulated SPAD value of upper leaf(flag leaf and 2nd leaf) during 35 days after heading and grain yield divided by sunshine hour during 40 days of grain filling and compensated for temperature effect, and cumulated SPAD value of the 4th leaf showed negative correlation with the yield. That is, the delayed senescence of the upper leaves and the rapid senescence of lower leaves were positively associated with grain yield increase.