• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.28 no.7
• /
• pp.976-986
• /
• 2015

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of lipid sources with different fatty acids profile on meat fatty acids profile and beef quality traits of Nellore. A total of 45 Nellore animals with an average initial body weight of $419{\pm}11kg$ (at $15{\pm}2mo$) were distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of 5 treatments and 9 replicates. The roughage feed was maize silage (600 g/kg on a dry matter [DM] basis) plus concentrate (400 g/kg on a DM basis). The dietary treatments were as follows: without fat (WF), palm oil (PO), linseed oil (LO), protected fat (PF), and soybean grains (SG). No effects of lipid sources were observed (p>0.05) on beef color, pH, water-holding capacity, and sarcomere length. Beef from cattle fed PO had greater shear-force values (p<0.05) compared to beef from cattle fed WF. Deposition of main unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, and linolenic) was greater in treatments WF, SG, and LO, respectively, while the values of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were greater when animals were fed LO. The inclusion of LO in the diet enhances the concentration of CLA in longissimus muscle and subcutaneous fat besides improving the atherogenicity index and elongase activity. As such, LO can be used with the aim to improve the quality of beef from confined Nellore cattle. Conversely, the use of PO is not recommended since it may increase the concentration of undesirable unsaturated fatty acids in muscle and subcutaneous fat, shear-force and the atherogenicity index.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.825-832
• /
• 2010

The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity defines biotechnology as "Any technological application that uses biological systems, dead organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" Biotechnology has made tremendous contributions to improve production efficiency of agriculture during the last century. This article reviews successful examples of application of bio-fermentation in improving swine nutrition efficiency mainly based on the authors'z own research experience. Production of feed grade supplemental amino acids by bio-fermentation allowed nutritionists to formulate accurate feed for optimal lean growth and reduced nitrogen excretion. Recent issues with high feed grain prices caused potential feed quality problems. Bio-fermentation allowed nutritionists to use exogenous supplemental enzymes such as phytase and NSPases in swine diets, thereby improving nutrient utilization and reducing nutrient excretion to the environment. Yeast metabolites are also produced by bio-fermentation and have been repeatedly shown to improve milk production of sows during early lactation even though actual mechanisms are still to be investigated. Bio-fermentation technology also allowed nutritionists to prepare vegetable protein sources with large protein molecules and anti-nutritional factors suitable for feeding newly weaned piglets, as selected microorganisms significantly reduce specific anti-nutritional factors and size of peptides. Preparations of vegetable protein sources suitable for newly weaned pigs will greatly contribute to swine nutrition by providing efficient alternatives to the use of animal protein sources that are often expensive and somewhat against societal preference. Considering the few examples listed above, biotechnology has closely influenced improvement of production efficiency in the swine industry. As we have limited resources to produce meat to satisfy ever-increasing global demands, extensive adaptation of biotechnology to enhance production efficiency should be continued. However, at the same time, wise and careful application of bio-technology should be considered to ensure production of safe food and to meet the expectations of our society.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.40 no.sup
• /
• pp.9-21
• /
• 2007

This study aimed to assess the total sugar intake for Korean and to identify major food sources contributing to those food components. Korean adults aged over 20 years old from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2001 and 2002 were selected. The data were analyzed to obtain nationally and seasonally representative information on the health and nutritional status of the Korean. Forty food groups were used in identifying food sources of total sugar and energy intake. Total sugar contents of foods in the KNHANES data sets were estimated by food code matching technique with Release 18 of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Sample weighted means, standard errors, and population percentages were calculated using SAS and SUDAAN. The mean total sugar intake of the Korean was 60.3g in 2001, 40.9g in spring 2002, 45.7g in summer 2002, and 52.1g in fall 2002, which were 30-44% of intake of US people. Fresh fruit was identified as the most significant food source for total sugar intake in Korean population in all age groups and all seasons. The next major food sources following fresh fruits were candy/jelly/syrup/honey, coffee/coffee caream, vegetables, Kimchi, soft drinks, milk, fruit juice, cookie/cracker/cake, and vegetable juice/grain juice, which showed similar results through the seasons. While carbonated soft drink was the most significant food sources for total sugar or added sugar intakes for US people. The total sugar intakes were significantly higher in women, higher educational level, and residing in metropolitan area. As intake of total sugar increased, intakes of protein, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, Vit A, B1, B2, C, niacin showed significantly increased, while high intakes of added sugars showed low intakes of some micronutrients in the US people. Percentages of people who consumed nutrients below EAR were less in higher total sugar intake group than in lower intake group. From these results, we can conclude that the food consumption habits including the total sugar intake of Korean people seems relatively good so far. More reliable database of total sugar and added sugar composition tables in public domain should be established in the future, and also more researches about total sugar and added sugar for Koreans should be continued.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.122-127
• /
• 1992

In this study, we investigated defects of graphite by three NDT methods which are ultrasonic testing at 5 MHz, micro-forused X-ray testing and AE testing. As the detection of AE signals generated from graphite tensile specimens, we calculated location of AE sources and compared them with UT and X-ray test results in detecting defects of several specimens, Acoustic emission testing could be applied to some graphites which have fine grains of a few tens of micrometer, but it was difficult to those in lager grain of few fo milimeter. Also, we could understand what kind of defects has affected on tensile fracture of graphite.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
• /
• v.21 no.A
• /
• pp.73-80
• /
• 2001

Barrier is widely used for synchronization in parallel programs. Since the process arrived earlier than others should wait at the barrier, the total processor utilization decreases. In this paper, to find the sources of the barrier waiting time, parallel programs are executed on the various grain sizes through execution-driven simulations. In simulation studies, we found that even if approximately equal amounts of work are distributed to each processor, all processes may not arrive at a barrier at the same time. The reasons are that the different numbers of cache misses and instructions within partitioned grains result in the difference in arrival time of processors at the barrier.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.183-192
• /
• 1993

Efficient plant regeneration system was established through the culture of rice (Oryza sativa L.) microspores. Microspores released by anther shedding culture developed into proembryos and calluses in B5 medium within two weeks of culture. The optimal hormone and carbon sources were dependent on the genotypes used. Microspore's viability decreased rapidly in culture time, therefore less than 3% of the total microspores were viable at the 9th day when the first microspore division was observed. Of two types of microspores (pollen dimorphism) observed in culture, only the P-grain, larger microspores than normal one was able to divide. Using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescence staining, it was confirmed that the symmetrical division of uninucleate microspore was the first step leading to continuous microspore development. Microspore-derived proembryos and calluses were regenerated to plants in N6 medium containing 1 mg/L NAA and 5 mg/L kinetin, and 78.3% of the regenerated plants were haploids.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.54 no.1
• /
• pp.15-22
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of grain sources on the ruminal methane production in Hanwoo steers. Six Hanwoo steers (BW = 614.4 ${\pm}$ 8.3 kg) were fed, on a DM basis (TDN 6.91 kg), 10% rice straw and 90% barley or corn based concentrate, respectively, according to Korean Feeding Standards (Hanwoo). Each period lasted 18 days including a 14-day adaptation and a 4-day measuring period. The steers were in the ventilated hood-type respiration chamber system (one cattle per chamber) during each measuring period to measure heat and methane production for 1 day. Nutrient intake and digestibility were not affected by steer fed grain sources. Methane concentration was not affected by steer fed either barley or corn-based concentrate, respectively (0.022% vs. 0.025%). Methane production was greater by steers fed corn than those fed barley (119.3 g/day vs. 139.4 g/day). This result indicated that methane emission factor by maintenance energy requirement for the late fattening Hanwoo fed corn was higher than the steers fed barley (43.6 kg/head/year) vs. corn (50.9 kg/head/year). Methane conversion rate (Ym) was 0.04 Ym and 0.05 Ym for barley and corn, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.53 no.2
• /
• pp.161-169
• /
• 2011

Methane production during anaerobic fermentation in the rumen represents an energy loss to the host animal and induces emissions of greenhouse gases in the environment. Our study focused on comparison in methane production from growing Korean native steers fed different grain sources. Six Hanwoo steers (BW = $180.6{\pm}3.1$ kg) were fed, on a DM basis (TDN 2.80 kg), 40% timothy and 60% barley concentrate (Barley) or corn concentrate (Corn), respectively, based on the Korean Feeding Standards. Each period lasted 18 days including a 14-day adaptation and a 4-day measuring times. The steers were in the head hood chamber system (one cattle per chamber) during each measuring time to measure heat and methane production per day. Different grain sources did not affect digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, NDF, ADF and nitrogen-free extract. The mean methane concentrations per day were 202.0 and 177.1 ppm for Barley and Corn, respectively. Methane emission averaged 86.8 and 77.7 g/day for Barley and Corn, respectively. Methane emission factor by maintenance energy requirement for the growing steers fed barley based concentrate was higher than the steers fed corn based concentrate (Barley vs. Corn, 31.7 kg $CH_4\;head^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ vs. 28.4 kg $CH_4\;head^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$). Thus, methane conversion rate was 0.065 (6.5%) and 0.055 (5.5%) for Barley and Corn, respectively.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.54 no.2
• /
• pp.83-89
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted with n-hexane extracts of sensitive plant Mimosa pudica, mexican poppy Argemone mexicana, panimarich Leucus aspara, water pepper Polygonum hydropiper and shialmutra Blumea lacera weeds against pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) for protection of mung bean Vigna radiata grains. The $LC_{50}$ values of the weed extracts ranged from 4.5 to 6.4, 4.1 to 5.6 and 3.6 to 5.5 g/100 mL at 24, 48 and 72 hours of post treatment, respectively. The extracts showed 35 to 69% fecundity and 33 to 63% adult emergence inhibitory effect on the pest, and revealed 13 to 49% grain protection of mung beans. Insect mortality, fecundity and adult emergence inhibitory effects, and grain protection activity increased with increased concentration of the extracts. The shialmutra followed by water pepper extracts revealed better performances in fecundity and adult beetle emergence inhibitory effect compared to the other weeds. The findings proved that the n-hexane extracts of the five weeds are sources of botanical insecticides which may be used in the integrated management of C. chinensis.

• Nutritional Sciences
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.82-87
• /
• 1999

Zinc nutriture in South Koreans was evaluated by estimating Zn, Ca, and phytate intake, and the molar ratios of phytate : Zn and the millimolar ratios of phytate $\times$ Ca Zn. food consumption data from the 95 National Nutrition Survey was used. For the present study, data from the nationwide, large city and urban area level were used. No standard deviation measures were provided in the 95 National Nutrition Survey : only mean values were reported. Nationwide daily intake of Zn and Ca were 10.1 mg/day and 426.5 mg/day, respectively. The estimated daily phytate intake was 1676.6 mg/day nationwide. The molar ratio of phvtate : Zn, the millimolar ratio of phytate $\times$ Ca : Zn and the phytate $\times$ Ca Zn mmol per 4.2 MJ (1000 kcal) were 15.9, 168.9 and 91.8 in nationwide, respectively. The major food groups for zinc intake were meat, poultry products (43%), and cereals and grain products (18%). Sixty two percent of Zinc was from animal food sources. Cereal and grain products supplied most of the phytate intake (46%), followed by seasonings, fruits, and legume products. The major food source of phytate was rice (39%) . The results of the present study suggest that Zn status of Koreans maybe influenced by high dietary intake of phytate and high molar ratios of phytate : Zn and phytate $\times$ Ca : Zn. These results raise concerns about Zn status of Koreans, who consume a diet higher in phytate than Western diets. further research is necessary to confirm whether such poorly available dietary Zn has any impact on the health of Koreans.