• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 2010

Effective sampling method and distribution of earthworms in turfgrasses of golf courses were investigated at 10 Korean golf clubs. Tea tree extract was highly effective in extracting Eisenia andrei compared with mustard oil or formalin. 1000-fold diluent of tea tree extract (4 L/$m^2$) was more effective than 500- and 2000-fold. Sampling efficacy of earthworm increased as soil depth decreased. Additional watering after treatment of tea tree extract did not significantly influence the sampling of earthworms. Eight earthworm species in 4 genera were collected from turfgrasses of 10 golf courses with 4 L of 1000-fold diluent of tea tree extract (15% tea saponin)/$m^2$. Among, dominant earthworm was Amynthas heteropodus and collected 147 individuals from 6 golf clubs. Thirteen Drawida japonica was collected from 3 golf clubs and A. hilgendorfi and A. hupeiensis were collected from 2 golf clubs. A. hupeiensis was not collected with 1000-fold diluent of tea tree extract (15% tea saponin)/$m^2$.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.267-277
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• 2014

Objective of this paper is to assess the available data on the pesticide uses and regulations in the golf courses, and provide the nationwide systematic management options. Numbers of golf courses in Korea are rapidly increasing from 2000s and reached at 421 sites by the end of 2011. Accordingly pesticide usage has been increased with years in direct proportion to the increasing number of golf courses. Amounts of pesticide applied in 2011 were 118,669 kg as of an active ingredient and were in the orders of fungicides (54.9%) > insecticides (24.4%) > herbicides (13.3%) > growth regulators (0.1%). Average pesticide usages in 2011 were 280.9 kg per golf course and $5.4kg\;ha^{-1}$. Frequencies of the residual pesticide detections in green and turf were higher than those in fairway and soil, respectively. Residue of highly toxic pesticides was not detected in golf courses. Ministry of Environment in 2010 has developed the 'golf course pesticide monitoring and management system' which is the advanced online registry for kind and amount of pesticides applied in each golf course. This system is intended for monitoring of the pesticide uses and residual levels and protecting the environmental pollution from pesticides in the golf course. In 2009, management of pesticides in the golf courses became the task of Ministry of Environment, being merged from many federal agency and ministries. The protocol for the site-specific best management practices, on which to base results from the risk assessment, should be set for pesticides in the golf to minimize the environmental impacts.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.18-24
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• 2006

The possibility of multiresidue analysis of 24 pesticides out of 30 residual pesticides which are subjected to test in the golf courses was examined. The utility of multiresidue method for pesticide residue test was evaluated by recovery test through a standard addition method of pesticides in water, soil, and lawn grass. The experimental results of the recovery test for individual pesticides are as follows : The number of pesticide of which average recovery rate was over 70% regardless of media was 16 pesticides. These pesticides were composed of 8 organophosphorus pesticides (chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifosmethyl, diazinon, EPN, fenitrothion, phenthoate, phosalone, and toclofos-methyl). 4-organochlorinated pesticides (daconil, captan, endosulfan, and tetradifon), 2-pyrethroid pesticides(fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin) and 2 other pesticides (bromopropylate, pendimethalin). On the other hand, in case of dicofol, average recovery rate was over 70% for water and lawn grass but only 53.3% for soil. Therefore, the multiresidue method applied in this experiment is not appropriate for analysis of dicofol in soil. Furthermore, among 7 pesticides, 2 pesticides(amitraz and pyraclofos) showed that theirs average recovery rate deviated from criteria($70{\sim}130%$) in almost ail media, while 5 pesticides(bensulide, deltamethrin, iprodione, phosphamidon and tralomethlin) were not detected from all media by GC/NPD or GC/ECD.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.44-53
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• 2012

As SCB liquid fertilizer (SCB) produced from or out of livestock manure by slurry composting and biofiltration process was applied in golf course, the effect on soil properties and water quality was little investigated. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the SCB liquid fertilizer application on environment by monitoring chemical property of soil and water quality of pond as applied chemical fertilizer (CF) and SCB. SCB application rarely contaminated the soil and pond in golf course and decreased organic matter, CEC and Ca in soil and pH and T-N for water quality of pond. In correlation coefficient between soil property parameters, water quality parameters and water quality items, SCB applied in golf course decreased organic matter and CEC in soil and increased SAR in water quality (P<0.01). Nitrogen applied in golf course with SCB or CF was significantly related to T-N in the soil (P<0.01), but not significantly related to T-N in the pond water. These results showed that SCB application little contaminated soil and pond in golf course, and was expected to control of thatch in soil and algae in pond.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.178-184
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• 2004

Tolclofosmethyl (TCFM) is heavily and annually applied to the turf soils of most golf courses in Gyeongju to control the fungi known to cause the disease brown patch. The soil samples used for the experiment was collected three weeks after the annual application at the end of May in the year 2002. The preliminary results obtained from this study demonstrated that the repeated field annual applications of TCFM to the turf soils of a golf course located in Gyeongju city in the southern area of Korea showed the enhanced degradation of the parent compound TCFM, especially in the surface ($0{\sim}15\;cm$) soil rather than the shallow subsurface ($15{\sim}30\;cm$) and deep subsurface ($30{\sim}45\;cm$) soils, compared to the corresponding surface ($0{\sim}15\;cm$) and shallow and deep subsurface ($15{\sim}30\;cm$ and $30{\sim}45\;cm$) soils of the untreated plot. It appears that microorganisms in the soil may be involved in the enhanced degradation of TCFM.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 2006

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been used as biological control agents for control of various agro-forest insect pests, and are especially effective against soil-dwelling insect pests. Effect of soil moisture on pathogenicity of commercial EPNs for white grub control was evaluated in laboratory, pots, and golf courses. Pathogenicity of EPNs in sand column was variable depending on depth, soil moisture, and EPN species or strain. All tested EPNs (Heterorhabditis sp. GSNUH1, Heterorhabditis sp. GSNUH2, Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1, and S. longicaudum Nonsan strain) showed similar pathogenicity against the bait insect, great wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larva at 2 cm deep at a given soil moisture. However, pathogenicity of the Heterorhabditis sp. GSNUH1 strain was decreased with increasing soil moisture. Pathogenicity of S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain was the lowest in 3% soil moisture (v/w) at 7 cm depth. However, there was no difference in pathogenicity between Heterorhabditis sp. GSNUH2 and S. longicaudum Nonsan strain. Although pathogenicity of Heterorhabditis sp. KCTC 0991BP strain showed no difference against the 2nd instar of Exomala orientalis, that of the S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain was decreased in the laboratory depending on soil moisture. Highly pathogenic strain EPN, Heterorhabditis sp. KCTC 0991BP strain, showed higher pathogenicity at 100 mm irrigation than non-irrigation or 10 mm irrigation. However, poor pathogenic strain EPN, S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain, was not different in pathogenicity from the 2nd instar of Exomala orientalis in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris) depending on irrigation amount in the pot. Pathogenicity of EPNs in field experiment at the tee of Ulsan golf club showed a similar trend to that in the pot experiment.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 1997

Usage and residue of pesticide were sureyed for five years from three golf courses which have morethan eighteenholes inKangwon-do from 1992 to 1996. A total of 186 samples(soils, lawns, effluents) were collected from these courses and residual levels of four kinds of organochlorines and twelve kinds of organophosphorus pesticides in each samples were determined by GC-ECD and GC-NPD. The amount of pesticide used in each golf course was 1, 635.6kg a year on the average, and that of pesticide to the green and the fairway were 33g/$\textrm{m}^2$ and 3g/$\textrm{m}^2$, respectively. The pesticide which was not permitted for the management of golf course was detected in 24 of 186 samples and its detection rate was 12.9%. The average pesticide residue in soils was 0.208 ppm for captan, 0.031 ppm for daconil, respectively. Detection rate of the prohibited pesticides has decreased every year since 1992, and there were no residues all the tested samples in 1996.Based on these results, it might be judged investigation methods of pesticide residue should be changed with current using pesticide from the prohibited pesticides and the criteria of residual pesticides in effluents of golf course also should be established.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.25-28
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• 1994

Chemical characteristics of soils were investigated in three golf courses of Kwanak, Gold and Korea Country Club with different open year. The soil samples were collected in tee, fairway and rough. There were ranges of 4.80~5.55 in pH, 3.68~5.39% inorganic matter, 0.10~0.25% in total nitrogen, 5.63~45.64ppm in available phosphorus, 0.80~1.7lme /l00g in exchangeable Ca, 0.09~0 42me /l00g in exchangeable Mg, 0.03~0.O9me /l00g in exchangeable Na, and 0.06~0.l4me /l00g in exchangeable K. The pH was significant with golf club(P<0.05) and positively correlated with exchangeable Ca and exchangeable Mg(P<0.0l).

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.347-353
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of composted liquid manure (CLM) on soil properties and turf quality of zoysiagrass. The CLMs were produced at 5 facilities for livestock excretions treatments located in Cheongwon, Gunwi, Iksan, Nonsan, and Yeoju in Korea, respectively. Field experiments were conducted at 5 golf courses and a sod farm located near each facility for livestock excretion treatments. Chemical fertilizer (CF) with N at $12g\;m^{-2}year^{-1}$ and CLMs were applied four times, respectively. The constituents of the different CLMs were variable based on when and where the fertilizer was produced. Soil K content significantly increased when the soil was treated with CLMs. The soil treated with CF showed a higher content of total P than that treated with CLM. CF and CLMs treatments significantly increased the turf color index compared with control. Tiller density and shoot dry weight of fertilized plots were also higher than those of non-fertilized plots. However, there was no significant difference in turf color index and tiller density among plots treated by CLMs or CF. The results of this study demonstrated that CLMs could be a substitute for CF.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.77-95
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• 2004

This study was conducted to find out definition, specification and characteristics of water-proof method for pond at golf courses that located in the mountain in Korea. Water-proof method of pond was selected by location, kind of soil, area, depth, cost, construction period and so on. 1. Soil Bentonite Sealing Liner(SBL) is to mix soil with a good quality bentonite. Then the mixed material was dressed on the bottom of pond. $\\$Merit of SBL is to purify the water and planting is possible. It can also reduce construction period and is economical. It's easy to find out the leak points. Demerit of SBL is expensive, if good quality soil is not in constructing site. Shape of pond edge is simple. 2. Ethylen Propylene Diene Monomer Sheef(EPDM-Sheet) makes use of sheet that resists to acid and alkaline. EPDM-Sheet spreads out as a mat on the pond for water-proof. Merit of EPDM-Sheet is to perfectly prove water and make a diverse shape of pond edge. Demerit of EPDM-Sheet is not friendly to environment. It needs drain system, air ventilation and long period of construction. It is also difficult to find out leaking points in this method. 3. Water proof of ESS-13 uses ESS-13 that is resin of vegetable matter and friendly to environment. To prove water of pond, ESS-13 is delicate with water in the pond. After that, Ess-13 in the water is expanded at pore space in the soil and cover with soil. ESS-13 can be to prove a leaking pond in golf course under business. ESS-13 is cheap and it needs short construction period. It does not need to switch the old water-proof system, additionally. It needs to move fishes to other place before utilizing ESS-13.