• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.201-208
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• 2000

The vancomycin, one of the family of glycopeptide antibiotics, inhibits the synthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan and has been widely used against gram-positive bacterial infections, especially for a treatment of methicillin resistant S. aureus infection. However, clinical isolate which was intermediately resistant to vancomycin (Mu50: MIC 8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) was isolated in recent years. In this study we performed vancomycin susceptibility test with the increment method and population analysis with clinical isolates S. aureus. Also we did several kinds of tests with three selected isolates (s129: MIC 7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, s134: MIC 7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, s135: MIC 8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) to find out possible mechanism of vancomycin resistance. As a result, the prevalence of vancomycin resistant S. aureus isolates among S. aureus strains resistant to methicillin was 23.3% (25/107). The vancomycin resistances of isolated strains of S. aureus were between those of Mu5O and Mu3 strains. By PCR analysis, none of the isolates with decreased vancomycin susceptibility contained known vancomycin resistant genes such as vanA, vanB, vanC1, vanC2, and vanH. Major bands of 81 kDa, 58 kDa, 33 kDa, 28 kDa were demonstrable in whole cell lysates by SDS-PAGE from all three isolates as well as reference strains. And especially,45 kDa protein was overproduced in Mu50 strains. Among them increased production of NAD$^{+}$-linked-$_{D}$-lactate dehydrogenase (dnLDH) were detected from one clinical strain (s135) and Mu5O strain. From these data, we suggest that the mechanism of vancomycin resistance in these isolates are distinct from that in enterococci.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.496-505
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• 2015

A variant peak was detected in the analysis of RP-HPLC of rHu-EPO, which has about 7% relative content. Fractions of the main and the variant peaks were pooled separately and further analyzed to identify the molecular structure of the variant peak. Total mass analysis for each peak fraction using ESI-TOF MS shows differences in molecular mass. The fraction of the main peak tends to result in higher molecular masses than the fraction of the variant. The detected masses for the variant are about 600-1000 Da smaller than those for the main peak. Peptide mapping analysis for each peak fraction using Asp-N and Glu-C shows differences in O-glycopeptide profiles at Ser126. The O-glycopeptides were not detected in the fraction of the variant. It is concluded that the variant peak is non-O-glycosylated rHu-EPO and the main peak is fully O-glycosylated rHu-EPO at Ser126.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.325-328
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• 2001

Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by Actinoplanes teichomyceticus novo sp. A TCC 31121. It is active against Gram-positive bacteria and it is under evaluation for use in man. Teicoplanin mixture in fermentation broth contains major amounts of teicoplanin $A_1$ and $A_2$ and a minor amount tcicoplanin of $A_3$. Commercial teicoplanin product is composed of five major components of very similar polarity, designated T-$A_2$-l, 2, 3, 4 and 5, and the more polor component, designated T -$A_3$. The culture conditions were studied in order that hydrophilic teicoplanin $A_2$ components are more produced but hydrophobic teicoplanin $A_1$ with lower bioactivity are less produced in submerged culture. Effects of culture pH and nutrients on the biosynthes ratio of teicoplanin $A_1$ and $A_2$ were confirmed in flask culture using MOPS buffer system through TLC, bioautography and bioassay. It was elucidated that optimal pH is 7.4 for teicoplanin $A_2$ biosynthesis but is 5.2 for teicoplanin $A_1$ biosynthesis, and that trace elements stimulate $A_2$ production but malt extract stimulate $A_1$production.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.242-247
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• 2005

Caseinomacropeptide (CMP) is a glycopeptide of 64 amino acid residues derived from the C-terminal of mammalian milk K-casein. Recently, human CMP (hCMP) was produced from the recombinant yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, the antiobesity activity of the recombinant hCMP (rhCMP) was investigated in vivo using Sprague-Dawley rats. The rhCMP did not affect the rats fed with a normal fat diet (fat content, $5.0\%$), but decreased the body weight gain of the rats fed with a high fat diet (fat content, $20\%$) by up to $19\%$. Autopsies revealed that the weights of the liver, kidney and adipose tissues decreased when the rats were given the rhCMP, which also reduced the lipid concentrations in the plasma and liver, but enhanced the fecal excretion of lipids. These results suggest that rhCMP prevent the accumulation of lipid by stimulating its fecal excretion, so could be used as a food supplement to alleviate the obesity problem caused by a high fat diet.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2013

Outbreaks of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are being reported more frequently in many countries. While seven glycopeptide resistance genotypes have been described in Enterococci, vanA and vanB are the most common resistance genotypes. The aim of this study was to detect antibiotic susceptibilities of 23 Enterococcus faecium strains, which caused an outbreak in a University hospital by a disk diffusion test to investigate the presence of the species specific gene, and the resistant genotypes, vanA and vanB by duplex PCR. PCR for vanA and vanB was performed on 23 enterococci. Twenty three were identified as E. faecium and were tested positive for the vanA genotype. This study will report on the validation of a simple and accurate VRE detection method that can be easily incorporated into the daily routine of a clinical laboratory. Early detection of VRE strains, including those with susceptibility to vancomycin, is of paramount clinical importance as it allows rapid initiation of strict infection control practices, as well as the therapeutic guidance for confirmed infections. The PCR method developed in the present study is simple and reliable for the rapid characterization of VRE.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.153-158
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• 2000

Vancomycin belongs to the vancomycin-risocetin family of glycopeptides, and is a subclass of linear sugar containg peptides composed of seven amino acids. Its strochemical configuration forms the basic of a peptidoglycon monomer. The glycosylated hexapeptide chainconsists of chloro-$\beta$-hydroxytyrosines, p-hytidoglycines, N-anthylleucine and aspartic acid forms a rigid molecular frame work and gives the difficulty in the analysis. Voncomycin in the serum samples is usually estimated by liquid chromatography and the bacterial sensitivity was genereally tested by the microbiological assay. The pressent review deals with the qualitative, quantutative, microbioligical and immunological assays and the comparison of the quantitative methods. Clinical implications of vancomycin have also been cited in the review.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 2018

Glycomacropeptide (GMP), a whey protein of milk, has functions including differentiation and development of nervous system, and anticancer and antiviral effects. To develop new functions, N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) containing 7% sialic acid was separated from GMP to produce G-7%NANA. N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is another type of sialic acid separated from GMP, which has been linked to immune disorders and chronic inflammation-mediated diseases. Therefore, safety was a concern in the use of G-7%NANA in functional foods. To ensure safety, in this study, three genetic toxicity tests on G-7%NANA were conducted. In the reverse mutation test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA, and in the chromosome aberration test using CHO-K1 cells, no significant differences from negative control were found at all dose levels. Similarly, no dose-related differences were evident compared to negative control in the micronucleus test using ICR mice. There was no evidence of G-7%NANA-related genetic toxicity.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.299-304
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• 2001

Teicoplanin is a kind of glycopeptide antibiotics produced by Actinoplanes teichomyceticus, and used in the clinical antibiotic such as vancomycin against methicillin-resistant Stabphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Actino planes teichomyceticus ATCC 31121 was mutated with UV to obtain a superior mutant strain with increased level of teicoplanin production. In this investigation, lethal curve was obtained and the optimal condition to induce mutagenesis was determined to isolate the desirable mutant strain. It was also confirmed that teicoplanin activities by agar diffusion method was compared with the parent strain. One mutant strain, T991014-1 with the highest productivity, was finally selected, and was characterized through the various tests such as amylase activity, protease activity, halotolerance, antibiotic resistance, autotoxicity, and productivity. Ad fermentation characteristics of the mutant strain were also studied.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.265-274
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to research the trend related to pharmacopuncture for insomnia in China for further development of pharmacopuncture in Korea. Methods: This study reviewed and analyzed 21 Chinese journals related to pharmacopuncture 2013~2019 sourced with the following keywords in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). 'Shimian', 'Wuewei zhushe', 'Shuizhen', 'Xuewei yaowu zhushe', 'Yaowu xuewei zhushe', 'Xuewei zhuyao', 'Xuezhu', and 'Xueweiyaowu zhuru'. Results: The following results were obtained in this study. 1. A total of 21 papers were selected, comprised of clinical research and case reports. 2. Pharmacopuncture was often used for insomnia, and as the medicine of injection, Salvia, Gastrodin, Acanthopanax, Hominis Placenta, Qingkailing, Shenmai, Bozhi Glycopeptide, Fufang Danggui, Vitamin B12, and Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride were used. 3. In combined treatments, acupuncture, chiropractic, auricular sticking, and herbal medicine were used. 4. It was more effective compared to conservational acupuncture therapy. Conclusions: It was established that they have efficiency to treat insomnia with pharmacopuncture in China, but there were limitations in this study, so we need more research to identify new medicines for neuropsychiatric diseases.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.554-560
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• 1998

Biopolymer from alkaline-tolerant Bacillus so. was purified, and its physico-chemical and structural properties were investigated. Crude biopolymer, precipitated by acetone from culture broth was fractionated into two fractions by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200. Among two fractions, one fraction(PS I), which an acidic biopolymer precipitated by the CPC(cetylpyridinium chloride) treatment was studied further. PS I fraction had carboxyl groups and was positive at color reaction of sugar. PS I fraction also showed UV absorbance at 190-225nm. The purified acidic biopolymer was composed of 4% glucose, 8% glucosamine and 88% glutamic acid. Sugar components of the purified acidic biopolymer seemed to be linked to PGA(polyglutamic acid) which existed in the from of ${\gamma}$-peptide bond. By the results of Smith degradation of sugar components, glucose and glucosamine was bound by 1,3 glocosidic linkage. Therefore, this biopolymer was a glycopeptide, oligosaccaride ${\gamma}$-PGA. We concluded that the equivalent weight and the molecular weight of this biopolymer were estimated as about 171 and 5x105 dalton, respectively.