• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.494-500
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• 2010

This study was carried to investigate the antidiabetic and lipid metabolism of water extract paecilomyces japonica(PJ) in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Diabetes were induced by intravenous injection of STZ at a dose of 42mg/kg dissolved in citrate buffer. The water extract of paecilomyces japonica were orally administrated once a day for 7 days at a dose of 500mg/kg or 1,000mg/kg. The contents of serum glucose, triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol were significantly decreased in PJ treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. The content of hepatic glycogen and activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G-6-PDH), glucokinase(GK) were significantly increased, but activity of glucose-6-phoshatase(G-6-Pase) was significantly decreased in PJ treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. These results indicated that water extract of paecilomyces japonica would have antidiabetic and lipid metabolism effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1972

Physiological changes in hibernating animals (Manchurian Chipmunk and Hamster) were studied during various phases of the hibernation. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Rectal temperature was declined markedly during hibernation, whereas it remained constant even in exposure of the animals to 0 C environment if the animals were not prepared for hibernation. As body temperature was lowered, heart rate was also markedly reduced as well as respiration and blood pressure. 2. The electrical activity recorded from cortical structure was characterized by replacement of fast wave activity by slow wave activity as body temperature was lowered and became flat at body temperature below 20C. 3. Blood glucose level showed no clear seasonal variations. However, the glycogen contents of the liver were markedly greater during the cold seasons than during the warm seasons. 4. Blood levels of insulin showed no clear seasonal variations.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2003

Reproductive cycle with the gonadal development of Ruditapes philippinarum can be classified into five successive stages by histological observations: early active stage (January to March), late active stage (February to May), ripe stage (April to August), partially spawned stage (May to October), and spent/inactive stage (August to February). Changes in total protein contents in the adductor muscle tissues reached the maximum in the early and late active stages (February) and appeared the minimum in the ripe and partially spawned stages (May), while changes in their contents in the visceral mass tissues reached the maximum in the ripe and partially spawned stages (June) and gradually decreased in the partially spawned stage (June to October). On the whole, changes in total protein contents showed a negative correlationship between the adductor muscle and visceral mass tissues (r = -0.292, p < 0.05). Changes in total lipid contents in the adductor muscle tissues reached the maximum in the inactive and early active stages (January) and sharply decreased in the early and late active stages (February), while their contents in the visceral mass tissues reached the maximum in the ripe and partially spawned stages (April) and gradually decreased in the partially spawned stage (to October). On the whole, changes in total lipid contents showed a negative correlationship between the adductor muscle and visceral mass tissues (r = -0.699, p<0.05). Changes in glycogen contents in the adductor muscle tissues reached the maximum in the late active and ripe stages (April) and rapidly decreased in the partially spawned stage (May to October), while their contents in the visceral mass tissues reached the maximum in the early and late active stages (February) and rapidly decreased in the late active stage (March). Thereafter, their levels gradually increased in the ripe and partially spawned stages (April to July). On the whole, changes in glycogen contents appeared no correlationship between the adductor muscle and visceral mass tissues (r = 0.062, p > 0.05). These results indicate that the adductor muscle and visceral mass tissues are an important energy storage and nutrient supply organ in the Manila clams, and the nutrient contents of the adductor muscle and visceral muscle tissues change in response to gonadal energy needs.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.89-105
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• 1993

In order to investigate the effects of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3HUF A) levels on growth and body composition of the Korean rockfish, six experimental diets with various levels of n-3HUFA, which were adjusted by adding squid liver oil and/or soybean oil at $8\%$ dietary lipid level, were fed to the Korean rockfish (6.2g in mean body weight) for 10 weeks. Daily weight gain, feed efficiency and nutrient retention efficiency were the lowest in the fish fed a diet containing 0% n-3HUFA. These parameters were effectively improved by supplementation with n-3HUFA, and showed linear increase up to $1.2\%$ dietary n-3HUFA level (P<0.01). There was no additional response above this level. A higher concentration of nonpolar lipids in the liver was observed for the fish fed insufficient levels of n-3HUFA in the diets. However the liver glycogen content and hepatosomatic index were slightly deareased. The lipid contents of the whole body and vicera showed significantly higher in the fish fed sufficient levels of n-3HUFA in the diets (P<0.05). The fatty acid compositions of polar lipids in the whole body and liver were affected by dietary fatty acid compositions. The contents of n-3HUFA and 18:1 in the liver increased with increasing the n-3HUFA level in the diets, while the 18:2n-6 and 18: 3n-3 decreased. These results suggest that n-3HUFA plays an essential role for normal growth of the Korean rockfish, and the requirement of n-3HUF A is around $1.2\%$ of the diet.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.48-57
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• 1991

Changes of the activities of the hepatic cells of female mud skipper, Boleophthalmus pectinirostris were investigated under transmission electron microscopy. Monthly changes of gonadosomatic index(GSI) and hepatosomatic index(HSI), variations of protein and nucleic acid contents(total RNA and DNA) of the liver tissues with the gonadal development phase were also studied. GSI began to increase from May(the growing stage), reaching the maximum value in late June(the mature stage), and then it began to decrease from late July(the degenerative stage), reaching the lowest value in late September. Monthly variations of HSI were negatively related to GSI. HSI decreased in the summer season when the ovary was getting mature and reached the maximum in mid October when the ovary was degenerating. In June(the mature stage), the female hepatic cells of the liver tissues became large and nuclei were hypertrophic. The amounts of glycogen particles and lipid droplets in the cells gradually decreased, while a number of granular endoplasmic reticulum increased. It was assumed that well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum binding ribosomes are supposed to play the leading role in protein synthesis and deposition for vitellogenin in the cytoplasm. In July(the spawning period), glycogen particles and lipid droplets gradually increased, and then these substances were still observed in large quantity in August(the degenerative stage). The protein contents of the liver tissues with the gonadal phases of the ovaries were shown the maximum value($4.720{\pm}0.103\;mg/g$) in June, and afterwards gradually decreased being the minimum($3.640{\pm}0.130\;mg/g$) in July, and then gradually increased in August. The mean total RNA contents per gram of the liver tissues appeared the maximum($0.523{\pm}0.040\;mg/g$) in June, and afterwards gradually decreased to the minimum($0.158{\pm}0.006\;mg/g$) in July and slightly increased in August again. From these results, it could be assumed that protein contents were closely related to RNA contents. The mean total DNA contents per weight (gr) of the liver tissues appeared to be similar although there were some monthly fluctuations. The ratio of the mean total RNA/DNA were 0.745 in June, 0.262 in July, 0.341 in August respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.21 no.2 s.34
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• pp.121-132
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• 2005

We investigated the reproductive cycle with gonad developmental phases of Sinonovacula constricta by histological observations, and seasonal changes in biochemical component of the adductor muscle, visceral mass, foot muscle and mantle were studied by biochemical analysis, from January to December, 2004. The reproductive cycle of this species can be classifed into five successive stages: early active stage (March to May), late active stage (May to July), ripe stage (July to September), partially spawned stage (August to October) and spentfinactive stage (October to March). Total protein content was the highest in the following order: adductor muscle, visceral mass, foot muscle, and mantle. Except for mantle, it was generally higher during the ripe and spawning stages, while lower during the spent/inactive stage. There were positive correlations in total protein contents among adductor muscle, foot muscle, and visceral mass. However, the correlations were not statistically significant. Total lipid content was the highest in the visceral mass; it was more than 5 or 6-fold higher than those in the adductor muscle, foot muscle, or mantle. The monthly change was also most dynamic in the visceral mass. It first Increased during the early active stage (March to May), decreased during late active stage (May to July), and then increased again rapidly during the spawning stage (September). There were a strong negative correlation in total lipid contents between foot muscle and adductor muscle (r = -0.634, p = 0.027), and a strong positive correlation between adductor muscle and mantle (r = 0.665, p = 0.018). Glycogen contents showed more or less similar pattern to total lipid contents in the adductor muscle, foot muscle, and visceral mass. It was higher during the early active and spawning stages, while lower during the late active and spent/inactive stages. There was no statistically significant correlation in glycogen contents among different tissues. Especially, total lipid content showed a negative correlationship between the foot muscle, adductor muscle, visceral mass and mantle. Therefore, these results indicate that the nutrient content of the foot muscle, adductor muscle, viseral mass and mantle changed in response to gonadal energy needs.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.35 no.4 s.139
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• pp.300-308
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• 2004

This study was done to investigate the antidiabetic effect of Glechoma hederacea LINNAEUS in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of STZ at a dose of 45 mg/kg dissolved in citrate buffer. The methanol extract of Glechoma hederacea was orally administrated once a day for 6 days. The contents of serum glucose, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol and Atherogenic Index (Al) were significantly decreased, but high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio (HTR) were significantly increased in Glechoma hederacea treated STZ-sample group compared to the those of STZ-control group. The content of hepatic lipid peroxide and activity of catalase were decreased, but content of glutathione as well as activities of glutathione-S-transferase and superoxide dismutase were increased in Glechoma hederacea treated STZ-sample group compared to the those of STZ-control group. The content of hepatic glycogen and activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucokinase were significantly increased, but activity of glucose-6-phosphatase was decreased in Glechoma hederacea treated STZ-sample group compared to the those of STZ-control group. These results indicated that methanol extract of Glechoma hederacea would have antidiabetic effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 1998

Mulberry leaves(Mori folium) and silkworm(Bombyx mori) are potnet inhibiters of intestinal $\alpha$-glycosidase, and inhibit the digestion of starch and sucrose in the small intestine. They are able to prevent postprandial hyperglycemia and decrease blood insulin levels. In this study , a high-carbohydrate diet(CHO ; 67.5%, protein ; 20.8%, fat : 11.7%) was received by the control group. In contrast, the experimental groups received a high-carbohydrate diet with extracts of mulberry leaves and silkwork(50mg.100g diet), and acarbose(6.7mg/100g diet). after a 10 week study period , the experimental groups had lower blood glucose and triglyceride levels. The experimental groups tended to have lwer Hb Alc levels. Also, blood insulin levels were lower than the control groups in accordance with blood glucose levels. The activities of intestinal $\alpha$-glucosidase in the middle and distal parts of small intestine were induced by the extracts of mulberry leaves and silkworm in the experimental groups. However, the activities of liver lysosomal glucosidase and the contents of glycogen in the liver were not affected by the mulberry leave and silkworm extracts nor by acarbose. Mulberry leaves and silkworm were able to prevent sudden postprandial peaks in blood glucose as a result of $\alpha$-glycosidase, inhibition, there by decreasing unnecessary insulin secretion.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.157-167
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• 2005

The extraction yield of Corni fructus was about 47.5% by extract apparatus. This study was done to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of Corni fructus in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The contents of serum glucose, total cholesterol and hepatic lipid peroxide, glutathione were significantly decreaed (p<0.05) in Corni fructus treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group, also content of triglyceride (TG), atherogenic index (AI) and activity of catalase were decreased, but not statistically significant. High density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio (HTR) were increased in Corni fructus treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. The activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly decreaed (p<0.05) in Corni fructus treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. The content of hepatic glycogen and activities of glucose-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6 PDH), glucokin-ase were significantly increased, but activity of glucose-Grphosphatase (G-6 Pase)was decreased in Corni fructus treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. Therefore, these results indicated that ethanol extract of Corni fructus would have antidiabetic and antioxidative effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.135-141
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• 1999

In order to investigate the composition of extractive nitrogenous components in the diploid and the triploid oysters, Crassostrea gigas, cultured at the south coast of Korea, the whole edible part (whole body) was analyzed into extractive nitrogen, free amino acids, oligopeptides, ATP and its related compounds, quaternary ammonium bases, and guanidino compounds using specimens collected from April to May of 1992. The major free amino acids in the diploid and the triploid were taurine, proline, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid hypotaurine, glutamine, arginine, aspartic acid, and $\beta-alanine$. There was no conspicuous difference in the constituents of free amino acids between the diploid and the triploid. A lot of hypotaurine was detected in the diploid and the triploid of oyster and the contents of them were 107 mg and 123 mg/100g, respectively. The compounds, glycinebetaine, homarine and trigonelline were found in both the diploid and the triploid. Among them, glycinebetaine was the most prominent in all the samples. The amount of protein, glycogen, extractive nitrogen, oligopeptides, ATP and its related compounds, and free amino acids in the triploid was higher than that of the diploid (p<0.10)