• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.867-874
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• 2021

Epalrestat (EPS) is a brain penetrant aldose reductase inhibitor, an approved drug currently used for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. At near-plasma concentration, EPS induces glutathione biosynthesis, which in turn reduces oxidative stress in the neuronal cells. In this study, we found that EPS reduces neurodegeneration by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative injury, mitochondrial membrane damage, apoptosis and tauopathy. EPS treatment up to 50 µM did not show any toxic effect on SH-SY5Y cell line (neuroblastoma cells). However, we observed toxic effect at a concentration of 100 µM and above. At 50 µM concentration, EPS showed better antioxidant activity against H₂O₂ (100 µM)-induced cytotoxicity, ROS formation and mitochondrial membrane damage in retinoic acid-differentiated SH-SY5Y cell line. Furthermore, our study revealed that 50 µM of EPS concentration reduced the glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK3-β) expression and total tau protein level in H₂O₂ (100 µM)-treated cells. Findings from this study confirms the therapeutic efficacy of EPS on regulating Alzheimer's disease (AD) by regulating GSK3-β and total tau proteins phosphorylation, which helped to restore the cellular viability. This process could also reduce toxic fibrillary tangle formation and disease progression of AD. Therefore, it is our view that an optimal concentration of EPS therapy could decrease AD pathology by reducing tau phosphorylation through regulating the expression level of GSK3-β.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.272-282
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• 1985

본 연구는 우리나라 여대생들의 riboflavin (RF) 영양상태를 평가하기 위하여 서울거주 여대생 48명 (정상식이를 하는 학생 31명과 lacto-ovo vegetarian 인 학생 17명)을 대상으로 식이섭취조사, 임상검사, EGRAC 검사 및 소변검사를 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 본 조사 대상 학생들은 동연령층에 대한 한국인 영양권장량에 비하여 열량섭취량은 낮고, 단백질 섭취량은 비슷하나 리보플라빈 섭취량은 높았다. 채식군의 학생들은 정상식이군에 비하여 열량과 단백질 섭취량은 낮았으나 리보플라빈 섭취량은 정상식이군과 비슷하였다. 2. 전 대상자들의 평균 EGRAC 값은 $1.24{\pm}0.03$이었으며, 정상식이군은 $1.19{\pm}0.04$, 채식군은 $1.32{\pm}0.06$으로 두 군의 평균값은 0.05수준에서 유의적 차이가 없었다. ERGAC값이 1.2이상인 대상자는 전 대상자 중 65%이었는데 정상식이군은 55%, 채식군은 82%이었다. 3. EGRAC값이 1.2이상인 대상자 중 18명에게 1일 5mg의 리보플라빈을 1주일간 투여한 후 재검사한 결과 모두 1.2이하로 감소하였다. 4. 상관분석 결과, 대상자들의 EGRAC값과 리보플라빈식이 섭취량 사이에는 유의적인 상관관계가 없었다. 이와 같은 결과가 나온 가능한 이유들에 대하여 고찰하였다. 이러한 결과들로 부터 본 조사 대상자들은 리보플라빈 섭취량은 한국인 영양권장량보다 높으나 생화학적 기능의 손상이 비교적 높은 비율로 존재함을 알 수 있다. 따라서 리보플라빈 식이섭취량이 낮은것으로 보고된 다른 집단들에 대하여 좀 더 집중적인 연구가 요청된다. 아직 우리나라 사람들을 대상으로 리보플라빈 식이섭취와 생화학적 결핍에 대하여 연구된 바가 적으므로 리보플라빈의 생화학적 결핍판정과 한국인의 RDA수준에 대하여 더 많은 연구가 요청된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.227-236
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• 2010

본 연구는 in vivo에서의 6주령의 BALB/C 생쥐(평균체중 $24.73\pm0.11$ g)에게 1주일 간 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체(Hericium erinaceus mycelia)를 첨가한 식이를 급여한 후 내독소인 LPS로 인한 산화적 스트레스 및 염증반응에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 하였다. 실험군은 5군으로 분류하였으며 정상 대조군(NC)과 양성 대조군(LC)은 chow를, HMP 10%군과 HMP 3%군은 chow에 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체를 각각 3%와 10%를 첨가하였으며 HMP 대조군(HMP-C)은 chow에 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체를 10% 첨가하여 pellet 형태로 조제하여 1주일 간 각각의 실험 식이를 급여하였다. LC군과 HMP 3% 및 HMP 10%군은 각각 LPS(100 mg/kg BW)를 투여하였으며 NC군과 HMP-C군은 생리식염수를 LPS와 동일한 농도로 투여하였다. 실험동물의 식이효율은 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체를 보충한 군에서 저하되었으며 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체의 보충군에서 체중감소 효과를 보였다. 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체 10%를 보충한 HMP-C군과 HMP 10%군은 분변의 배설량이 가장 많았고 분변 중 총지방 양은 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체를 섭취한 군에서 높은 수준을 보였으나 섭취량에 따른 현저한 차이는 보이지 않았고, 혈장 TG 함량은 군 간에 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았으나 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체 10%를 첨가한 식이를 섭취한 군에서 다소 높은 경향을 보였다. 분변 100 g 당 $\beta$-glucan의 함량은 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체 3%를 보충한 군에서 가장 높았다. 혈장의 ALT 수준은 LPS를 투여한 후 8시간 경과 후에는 LC군에서 현저하게 증가한 반면 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체를 첨가한 식이를 급여한 HMP 3%와 HMP 10%군에서는 유의적으로(p<0.05) 저하되어 NC군과 비슷한 수준을 보였다. 간에서의 SOD, GSH-red, GSH-px 활성은 LPS 투여 후 LC군에 비해 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체를 섭취한 군에서 증가하였으며 GSH-red의 단백질 발현과 GSH 함량 또한 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 볼 때 노루궁뎅이버섯 균사체의 보충은 내독소인 LPS로 유도된 산화적 스트레스에 저항하여 간 기능을 보호하는 효과가 있는 것으로 보이며 그 기전으로는 항산화 효소계 활성과 GSH-red 단백질 발현 증가, 그리고 GSH 수준 향상 등을 열거할 수 있다.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.593-623
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• 1999

This experimental study was designed to verify the anti-aging efficacy of Eukmigihwangtang (EMGHT) and Rehmannia Radix, and determine the specific role and actions of Rehmannia Radix. Normal rat (2 months old), aging rat (8 months old), and pathologically induced rat (2 months old, injected 30mg/kg of streptozotocin) are observed to study the aging eliciting factors such as peroxide contents and enzyme activities. The following results were obtained in this study: 1. For the body weight changes, normal group given Rehmannia Radix showed decrease in the body weight compared to the control group, aging group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the body weight, and STZ injected group showed suppression to the body weight loss when given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix. 2. For the content changes in serum lipid peroxide, normal group showed increasing level as the rat gets older. Aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the lipid peroxide level compared to the control group. Decrease was more prominant in the group given EMGHT. 3. For the changes in serum hydroxyl radical, normal group did not show significant changes, but aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the hydroxyl radical level compared to the control group. Decrease was more prominant in the group given EMGHT. 4. For the changes in serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, normal group did not show significant changes, but aging group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase in the SOD activity compared to the control group. STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the SOD activity compared to the control group. 5. For the content changes in hepatic lipid peroxide, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease in the lipid peroxide level compared to the control group. 6. For the changes in hepatic cytochrome P-450 activity, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease compared to the control group. Cytochrome b5 activity was significantly decreased only in the STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix. 7. For the changes in hepatic aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activity, aging group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease compared to the control group. STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase in the aminopyrine demethylase activity, and showed significant decrease in the aniline hydroxylase activity compared to the control group. 8. For the content changes in hepatic protein bound-SH and nonprotein bound-SH, againg group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase compared to the control group. 9. For the content changes in hepatic glutathione level, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase compared to the control group. 10. For the changes in hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase and decrease, respectively, compared to the control group. 11. For the changes in hepatic glutathione reductase activity, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant increase compared to the control group, while $\gamma$-Glutamylcystein synthetase activity did not show significant changes. 12. For the changes in hepatic superoxide dismutase activity, aging group and STZ injected group given EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix showed significant decrease compared to the control group. From the above results, the antioxidant effects of EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix were proved, as well as the role of Rehmannia Radix, a chief of EMGHT, was examined. In addition, since no change was reconized as the quantity of Rehmannia Radix and the order herbs increased, the reasonableness on EMGHT was proven with respect to its composition and quantity. Thus, the significance of EMGHT could be objectively exmined in terms of its composition and quantity. Considering animals used in the experiment, there were obvious changes in aging rats and pathologically induced rats than in normal rats. Consequently, it was noticeable that EMGHT and Rehmannia Radix were working selectively on the subjects.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.1286-1293
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• 2004

지부자(Kochiae Fructus)의 생리활성물질 검색 및 간손상에 미치는 영향을 연구할 목적으로 실험동물에 지부자 추출물을 경구 투여한 후 GaIN으로 간손상을 유발하여 혈액 및 간조직의 생화학적 변화를 관찰하고 free radical의 생성계와 해독계의 활성에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. GaIN 단독투여군은 대조군에 비하여 AST와 ALT가 증가하였으나, KFB, oleanolic acid, momordin Ic 투여군에서는 GaIN 단독투여군에 비해 유의적 감소를 보였다. 간조직의 지질과산화 함량은 GaIN 단독투여군이 대조군과 비교하여 증가하였고, KFM 200-GaIN군, KFB 200-GaIN군, momordin Ic 30-GaIN군과 oleanolic acid 30-GaIN군은 대조군에는 미치지 못하였으나 GaIN 단독투여군에 비해 현저히 감소하였다. XO, AO의 활성은 대조군보다 GaIN 단독투여군에서 유의적으로 증가하였으며, KFB 200-GaIN군, momordin Ic 30-GaIN군과 oleanolic acid 30-GaIN군의 XO와 AO의 활성은 GaIN 단독투여군보다 낮게 나타났다. 간조직 중의 GSH농도는 GaIN 단독투여군이 대조군에 비해 현저히 감소하였고, KFB 200-GaIN군과 oleanolic acid 30-GaIN군은 GaIN 단독투여군과 비교시 증가를 보였고, momordin Ic 30-GaIN군은 대조군에 가깝게 회복되었다. GaIN 단독투여군의 ${\gamma}$-GCS와 GR의 활성은 대조군에 비하여 유의한 감소를 보였고, momordin Ic 30-GaIN군의 ${\gamma}$ -GCS의 활성은 대조군에는 미치지 못하였지만 GaIN 단독투여군에 비해 유의하게 개선되었다. KFM 200-GaIN군, KFB 200-GaIN군, momordin Ic 30-GaIN군과 oleanolic acid 30-GaIN군의 GR 활성은 GaIN 단독투여군보다 유의한 증가를 보였다. GST활성은 GaIN 단독투여군이 대조군에 비하여 현저한 감소를 나타내었고, KFM200-GaIN군, KFB 200-GaIN군, momordin Ic 30-GaIN군과 oleanolic acid 30-GaIN군은 대조군 수준에는 못미쳤으나 GaIN 단독투여군보다 통계적으로 유의한 증가를 관찰할 수 있었다. SOD, catalase 및 GSH-Px의 활성은 대조군에 비하여 GaIN 단독투여군에서 감소를 보였고, SOD와 catalase 활성은 KFM, KFB와 oleanolic acid의 투여로 GaIN 단독투여군보다 높게 나타났다. 특히 momordin Ic 30-GaIN군의 SOD 활성은 대조군에 가깝게 개선되었다. GSH-Px의 활성은 KFM 200-GaIN군, KFB 200-GaIN군과 oleanolic acid 30-GaIN군은 대조군 수준에는 미치지 못하였으나 GaIN 단독투여군에 비해 현저히 증가하였고, 특히 momordin Ic 30-GaIN군은 대조군에 가깝게 증가되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 지부자로부터 분리한 momordin Ic가 GSH 농도를 증가시키고 활성산소 해독계에 관여하는 효소의 활성을 증가시킴으로서 GaIN으로 인한 간손상을 완화시키는 것으로 사료되어진다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.442-448
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• 2009

대부분의 열대 식물은 chilling에 민감하게 반응한다. 대표적 열대 식물인 벼 잎에 대한 light-chilling 처리와 이 후의 회복기(post-chilling) 동안 일어나는 반응들을 알아보았다. Chilling 시 벼 잎에서의 광합성 효율($F_v/F_m$)은 대조구보다 50% 감소하였고, 상대적으로 $H_2O_2$ 양은 48% 증가하였다. 항산화 효소들 중 SOD와 GR 활성은 chilling과 post-chilling 시 증가하였다. 특히 SOD isoforms의 경우 CuZn-SOD와 Mn-SOD 가 발현된 반면 Fe-SOD는 발현되지 않았다. CAT 활성은 chilling 시 감소하였으며, 반면에 APX는 크게 증가하였다. Chilling 시 CAT의 isoforms의 변화를 보면, CAT-2와 -3의 활성이 감소한 것과 대조적으로 post-chilling 시 이들 isoforms의 활성은 증가하였다. 이처럼 APX와 CAT 활성은 벼 잎이 chilling stress를 겪게 될 때 상반되는 변화를 보여주었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제99권5호
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• pp.711-719
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• 2010

We investigated physiological responses and phytoextraction ability of Pinus thunbergii in cadmium contaminated soil as part of our efforts in identifying plant materials for the restoration and revegetation of forest soil contaminated by heavy metals. Thirty seedlings (ten per treatment) were assigned to three treatments (control, 0.3 and 0.6 mM $CdSO_4$ solution) at first year experiment. At second year, ten seedlings per treatment treated with Cd during the first year experiment were divided by two groups (no Cd-treated and consecutive Cd-treated group). At first experiment, photosynthetic pigment content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities have significantly reduced by Cd application, and the reduction rate was increased much higher as the rate of Cd application increased. On the other hand, thiol and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were significantly increased at the application of 0.6 mM of Cd. At the second year experiment, a general increase in chlorophyll and carotenoid content was observed with Cd treatment while SOD and GR activities showed a relative reduction compared to the control. Similar to the first year measurement, thiol and MDA contents also increased considerably due to Cd treatment. At harvest, dry matter was significantly reduced by Cd treatment especially at the rate of 0.6 mM Cd, but dry yield of P. thunbergii treated with 0.3 mM Cd was less affected and it was comparable with the control seedling. Cadmium concentration in seedling tissues increased with increasing Cd application rate while Cd uptake was higher in seedlings supplied with 0.3 mM Cd, which could be ascribed to their high dry matter. Overall, our study has demonstrated the unique physiological response of P. thunbergii to Cd-prolonged exposure by showing that the changes in photosynthetic pigment content and antioxidative enzyme activities were dependent on the concentration and duration of treatment. In addition, our results have demonstrated the potential of P. thunbergii to withstand up to 0.3 mM Cd (equivalent to cumulative Cd concentration of 134.4 to 268 mg $kg^{-1}$) without showing growth reduction, hence it might be used for phytoremediation of Cd contaminated areas.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제96권5호
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• pp.551-560
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• 2007

We investigated physiological damages and biochemical alleviation of five species of genus Acer under ozone fumigation in order to assess their tolerant ability against ozone toxicity. At the end of 150 ppb $O_3$ fumigation, photosynthetic characteristics were measured, and chlorophyll contents, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidative enzyme activities were analyzed in the leaves of five maple trees (Acer buergerianum, A. ginnala, A. mono, A. palmatum, and A. palmatum var. sanguineum). The reduction of chlorophyll (chl) a in ozone-exposed plants was 16.8% (A. buergerianum) to 26.7% (A. ginnala) of control plants. For the content of chi b, A. ginnala and A. palmatum var. sanguineum represented the high reduction of 26.3% and 23.6%, respectively. The highest reduction on the chi a:b ratio was observed in the leaves of A. palmatum. The reduction of net photosynthesis in five species varied from 2.4% to 37.6%. Among five species, A. ginnala showed remarkable reduction (37.6%) for net photosynthesis in comparison with control. Carboxylation efficiency differed significantly (P < 0.05) among species and between control and ozone treatment. The reduction of carboxylation efficiency was the highest in the leaves of A. ginnala (44.7%). A. palmatum var. sanguineum showed the highest increase (41.7%) for MDA content. The highest increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity represented in A. palmatum (26.1%) and the increase of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity ranged from 16.5% (A. ginnala) to 49.1% (A. palmatum var. sanguineum). A. mono showed the highest increase (376.6%) of glutathione reductase (GR) activity under ozone fumigation and A. buergerianum also represented high increase (42.3%) of GR activity. Catalse (CAT) activity increased in the leaves of A. ginnala, A. palmatun and A. palmatum var. sanguineum under ozone exposure, whereas A. buergerianum and A. mono decreased in comparison with control plants. In conclusion, physiological markers such as chlorophyll content and photosynthesis that responded sensitively to $O_3$ in maple trees were considered as the very important indicators in order to evaluate the tolerance against $O_3$ stress, and parameters were closely related with each other. Among anti oxidative enzymes, SOD and APX might be contributed to alleviate to $O_3$ toxicity through the increase of activity in all maple trees. Therefore, these compounds can be used as a biochemical maker to assess the stress tolerance to $O_3$.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제97권5호
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• pp.508-515
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• 2008

Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) seedlings were grown under low light intensity and ozone treatments to investigate the role of the light environment in their response to chronic ozone stress. One-year-old seedlings of Platanus occidentalis L. were grown in pots for 3 weeks under low light (OL, $150{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) and high light (OH, $300{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) irradiance in combination with 150 ppb of ozone fumigation. After three weeks of ozone and light treatment, seedlings were placed in ozone free clean chamber for 3 weeks for recovery from ozone stress with same light conditions to compare recovery capacity. Ozone fumigation determined an impairment of the photosynthetic process. Reduction of leaf dry weight (14%) and shoo/root ratio (17%) were observed in OH treatment. OL treatment also showed severe reductions in leaf dry weight and shoot/root ratio by 48% and 36% comparing to control, respectively. At the recovery phase, OH-treated plants recovered their biomass, whereas OL-treated plant showed reduction in leaf dry weight (52%) and shoot/root ratio (49%). OH-treated plants reached similar relative growth rate (RGR) comparing to control, whereas OL-treated plants showed lower RGR in stem height. However, there were no significant differences in response to those treatments in stem diameter RGR at the recovery phase. Ozone treatment produced significant reduction of net photosynthesis in both high and low light treatments. Carboxylation efficiency and apparent quantum yield in OL-treated plants showed significant reductions rate to 10% and 45%, respectively. At the recovery stage, ozone exposed seedlings under high light had similar photosynthetic capacity comparing to control plants. Antioxidant enzymes activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) were increased in ozone fumigated plants only under low light. The present work shows that the physiological changes occur in photosynthesis-related parameters and growth due to ozone and low light stress. Thus, low light seems to enhance the detrimental effects of ozone on growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant enzyme responses.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.3-12
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• 2009

수목의 오존 내성을 단기 노출 후 나타난 생리적 피해와 생화학적 반응들의 표준화 지수로 결정하였다. 모감주나무, 벽오동, 때죽나무, 물푸레나무, 백당나무를 150ppb 오존 노출 시킨 후, 광합성 특성, MDA 함량 및 항산화효소의 활성을 측정하여 피해지수는 광합성 파라미터와 MDA 함량 변화를 이용하여 계산하였으며, 내성지수는 항산화효소의 활성 변화를 측정하여 산출하였다. 순양자수율, 탄소고정효율, 광호흡속도는 오존 노출시간에 따라 감소하여, 스트레스 평가지표로 적당한 것으로 판단되었다. 항산화효소의 활성은 수종, 노출시간 및 효소 종류에 따라 다양한 결과를 보여 주었다. 모감주나무 SOD 활성은 오존 노출시간에 따라 증가하였고, 물푸레나무의 SOD 활성은 오존 노출 6 시간 후에 증가하였으며, 벽오동의 CAT 활성은 무처리보다 낮았다. 표준화 지수를 기초로 한 5개 수목의 오존 내성은 두 내성 수종(물푸레나무>모감주나무)과 세 민감성 수종(때죽나무>벽오동>백당나무)으로 구분되었다.