• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1188-1194
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate effects of fructans (chicory inulin, fructooligosaccharide and chicory inulin oligosaccharide) on blood glucose, activities of disaccharidases in small bowel and kidneys, and splenocyte proliferation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Sixty ICR male mice were divided into one normal group and four diabetic groups. Diabetes was induced by injecting streptozotocin after 2 weeks of experimental diets feeding. Experimental diets based on AIN93G diet were control diet, 6$ \%$ fructooligosaccharide (FOS) diet, 6$\%$ chicory inulin oligosaccharide (CIOS) diet, 6$\%$ chicory inulin (Cl) diet, and given for 25 days after streptozotocin injection. Plasma glucose was lower in Diabetic-Cl group as compared to Diabetic-control group. Plasma insulin level was not different among diabetic groups. Specific activities of jejunal maltase and sucrase in diabetic groups were about double as that of Normal group. Jejunal maltase activity and plasma glucose were positively correlated (r=0.643). However, specific activity of renal maltase in diabetic groups was not significantly different as compared to Normal group. Stimulation index of splenocyte proliferation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was significantly increased in Diabetic-CIOS as compared to Diabetic-control. Stimulation index of splenocyte proliferation by Concanavalin A (ConA) tended to be higher in Diabetic-CIOS group. Concentrations of interleukin-2 and interferon- $\gamma$ secreted from splenocytes induced by ConA were not significantly different among all groups. In conclusion, fructans may be effective for lowering plasma glucose, possibly by lowering disaccharidase activity and for increasing immune responses in diabetic con-ditions, where their effects can be different depending on degree of polymerization.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.1231-1244
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to report the glucose-lowering effect and safety of herbal extracts in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: We investigated 21 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were administered Daeshiho-tang, Bojungikgi-tang, Jowiseunggi-tang, and Hoechunyanggyeok-san at Kyung-Hee University Korean Medical Hospital from 2014 to 2019. The hypoglycemic effect of the herbal extracts was assessed by comparing blood glucose levels, including fasting blood sugar (FBS) and 2-hour postprandial glucose (PP2) levels. For safety assessment, the effects of herbal extracts on liver and kidney function were analyzed by liver function tests, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and kidney function tests, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr). Patients were stratified according to their glycated hemoglobin (<6.5 or >6.5) levels and the kind of herbal extract used for treatment. Results: After administration of herbal extracts, FBS and PP2 significantly decreased to 20.24 mg/dL and 35.0 mg/dL respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed that, regardless of the glycated hemoglobin level, FBS and PP2 were significantly reduced in both groups. The safety profile showed no significant difference before and after taking herbal extracts. Conclusions: Daeshigo-tang, Bojungikgi-tang, Jowiseunggi-tang, and Hoechunyanggyeok-san may show the further glucose-lowering effects on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have already treated with anti-hyperglycemic agents.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.205-213
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• 2011

Exercise training (ET) and selenium (SEL) were evaluated either individually or in combination (COMBI) for their effects on expression of glucose (AMPK, PGC- $1{\alpha}$, GLUT-4) and lactate metabolic proteins (LDH, MCT-1, MCT-4, COX-IV) in heart and skeletal muscles in a rodent model (Goto-Kakisaki, GK) of diabetes. Forty GK rats either remained sedentary (SED), performed ET, received SEL, ($5\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}kg$ body $wt^{-1}{\cdot}day^{-1}$) or underwent both ET and SEL treatment for 6 wk. ET alone, SEL alone, or COMBI resulted in a significant lowering of lactate, glucose, and insulin levels as well as a reduction in HOMA-IR and AUC for glucose relative to SED. Additionally, ET alone, SEL alone, or COMBI increased glycogen content and citrate synthase (CS) activities in liver and muscles. However, their effects on glycogen content and CS activity were tissue-specific. In particular, ET alone, SEL alone, or COMBI induced upregulation of glucose (AMPK, PGC-la, GLUT-4) and lactate (LDH, MCT-1, MCT-4, COX-IV) metabolic proteins relative to SED. However, their effects on glucose and lactate metabolic proteins also appeared to be tissue-specific. It seemed that glucose and lactate metabolic protein expression was not further enhanced with COMBI compared to that of ET alone or SEL alone. These data suggest that ET alone or SEL alone or COMBI represent a practical strategy for ameliorating aberrant expression of glucose and lactate metabolic proteins in diabetic GK rats.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.63-69
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• 2007

Objectives We performed this study in order to investigate the effects of Sedang-Hwan(世糖丸) and modified Sedang-Hwan(世糖丸變方)on the diabetes mellitus. Methods We injected a vein with 65mg/kg of streptozotocin(STZ) on the rats. And then administered Sedang-Hwan(Sample 1 group); 18.7mg/kg/day, modified Sedang-Hwan; 16.5mg/kg/day(Sample 2 group) to Sample groups and observed the body weight, glucose and insulin levels. Results 1. The Sample 1, 2 groups showed a high suppressive effect of body weight loss compared to Control group. 2. The Sample 1, 2 groups’ glucose level showed a effective in lowering level compared to Control group. 3. The sample 1, 2 groups showed a higher insulin level than Control group. Conclusions Conclusively, modified Sedang-hwan was recognized to have decrease effect of serum glucose of the diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. It is also required to study on the further detailed mechanism of decrease effect of serum glucose by modified Sedang-hwan.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.117-125
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• 1998

Mulberry leaves(Mori folium) and silkworm(Bombyx mori) are potnet inhibiters of intestinal $\alpha$-glycosidase, and inhibit the digestion of starch and sucrose in the small intestine. They are able to prevent postprandial hyperglycemia and decrease blood insulin levels. In this study , a high-carbohydrate diet(CHO ; 67.5%, protein ; 20.8%, fat : 11.7%) was received by the control group. In contrast, the experimental groups received a high-carbohydrate diet with extracts of mulberry leaves and silkwork(50mg.100g diet), and acarbose(6.7mg/100g diet). after a 10 week study period , the experimental groups had lower blood glucose and triglyceride levels. The experimental groups tended to have lwer Hb Alc levels. Also, blood insulin levels were lower than the control groups in accordance with blood glucose levels. The activities of intestinal $\alpha$-glucosidase in the middle and distal parts of small intestine were induced by the extracts of mulberry leaves and silkworm in the experimental groups. However, the activities of liver lysosomal glucosidase and the contents of glycogen in the liver were not affected by the mulberry leave and silkworm extracts nor by acarbose. Mulberry leaves and silkworm were able to prevent sudden postprandial peaks in blood glucose as a result of $\alpha$-glycosidase, inhibition, there by decreasing unnecessary insulin secretion.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.228-232
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• 2008

Antidiabetic effects of an aqueous and solvent extract prepared from the root, stem and fruit parts of Acanthopanax senticosus, were investigated in experimental Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats model. The n-butanol and water extracts of A. senticosus were orally administrated once a day for 6 days. The n-butanol extracts of fruit (FB) showed highest efficiency than other groups (water extracts of stem, root and fruit; butanol extracts of stem, root) on serum glucose values in the STZ-induced diabetic rats. We have studied gene expression of glucose transporter genes in C2C12 skeletal muscle cell line during differentiation treated by the n-butanol and water extracts of A. senticosus, SW, RW, FW, SB, RB and FB. The GLUT4 gene was high expressed by FB treatment. These findings suggest that FB of A. senticosus have GLUT4 gene expression activity for glucose homeostasis and may have beneficial effects on blood glucose lowering in the diabetic patients.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.99-103
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• 2010

The Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat, a model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes (T2D), develops hyperglycemic obesity with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance after the age of 25 weeks, similar to patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DM). In the present study, we determined whether there are differences in the pattern of gene expression related to glucose and lipid metabolism between OLETF rats and their control counterparts, Long-Evans Tokushima (LETO) rats. The experiment was done using 35-week-old OLETF and LETO rats. At week 35 male OLETF rats showed overt T2D and increases in blood glucose, plasma insulin, plasma triglycerides (TG) and plasma total cholesterol (TC). Livers of diabetic OLETF and LETO rats also showed differences in expression of mRNA for glucose and lipid metabolism related genes. Among glucose metabolism related genes, GAPDH mRNA was significantly higher and FBPase and G6Pase mRNA were significantly lower in OLETF rats. For lipid metabolism related genes, HMGCR, SCD1 and HL mRNA were substantially higher in OLETF rats. These results indicate that gluconeogenesis in OLETF rats is lower and glycolysis is higher, which means that glucose metabolism might be compensated for by a lowering of the blood glucose level. However, lipid synthesis is increased in OLETF rats so diabetes may be aggravated. These differences between OLETF and LETO rats suggest mechanisms that could be targeted during the development of therapeutic agents for diabetes.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.76.1-76.14
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• 2022

Background: Clinical dexamethasone (DEX) treatment or stress in bovines results in extensive physiological changes with prominent hyperglycemia and neutrophils dysfunction. Objectives: To elucidate the effects of DEX treatment in vivo on cellular energy status and the underlying mechanism in circulating neutrophils. Methods: We selected eight-month-old male bovines and injected DEX for 3 consecutive days (1 time/d). The levels of glucose, total protein (TP), total cholesterol (TC), and the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in blood were examined, and we then detected glycogen and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, phosphofructosekinase-1 (PFK1) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity, glucose transporter (GLUT)1, GLUT4, sodium/glucose cotransporter (SGLT)1 and citrate synthase (CS) protein expression and autophagy levels in circulating neutrophils. Results: DEX injection markedly increased blood glucose, TP and TC levels, the Ca²⁺/P⁵⁺ ratio and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and significantly decreased blood IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels. Particularly in neutrophils, DEX injection inhibited p65-NFκB activation and elevated glycogen and ATP contents and SGLT1, GLUT1 and GR expression while inhibiting PFK1 activity, enhancing G6PDH activity and CS expression and lowering cell autophagy levels. Conclusions: DEX induced neutrophils glucose uptake by enhancing SGLT1 and GLUT1 expression and the transformation of energy metabolism from glycolysis to pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)-tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. This finding gives us a new perspective on deeper understanding of clinical anti-inflammatory effects of DEX on bovine.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.5-20
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• 2008

GLP-1-based drugs (GLP-1 analogues and DPP IV inhibitors) and incretin mimetics are currently one of the most exciting classes of agents for type II diabetes. GLP-1, a gut peptide, is an incretin that potentiates glucose-dependent insulin release from the pancreas, slows GI-transit and stimulates the proliferation of beta-cells. DPP IV inhibitors act like incretins by inhibiting DPP IV which inactivates GLP-1. LC15-0133 is a competitive, reversible DPP IV inhibitor ($IC_{50}$ = 24 nM, Ki=0.247 nM) with excellent selectivity over other critical human proteases such as DPP II, DPP 8, elastase, trypsin. and urokinase. LC15-0133 showed long half-life and good bioavailability in rats and dogs. Inhibition of plasma DPP IV activity by LC15-0133 was kept more than 50% 24 hours after oral dosing in rats and dogs at 0.1 mg/kg and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively. The Minimum effective doses of LC15-0133 were 0.01 mg/kg for lowering blood glucose excursion during oral glucose tolerance test and 0.1 mg/kg for increasing glucose-induced GLP-1 response in C57BL/6 mice. Repeat oral administration of LC15-0133 for 1 month delayed the progression to diabetes and reduced HbA1c levels in a dose-dependent manner in Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats. In conclusion, LC15-0133 is a novel, potent, selective and orally active DPP IV inhibitor and showed an excellent blood glucose lowering effects in various animal models.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1099-1105
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• 2004

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a primary regulator of lipid metabolism. Potency for activation of PPAR$\gamma$, one of a subfamily of PPARs, particularly mirrors glucose lowering activity. We prepared thiazolidinediones featuring benzoxazole moiety for subtype selective PPAR$\gamma$ activators. 5-[4-[2-(Benzoxazol-2-yl-alkylamino)ethoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-diones have been prepared by Mitsunobu reaction of benzoxazolylalkylaminoethanol 8 and hydroxybenzylthiazolidinedione 6 and their activities were evaluated. Most compounds tested were identified as potent PPAR$\gamma$ agonists.