• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.52-57
• /
• 2005

Soy and soy foods are a rich source of isoflavones, which possess several biological activities. The effect of soy isoflavones, genistin and diadzin and their respective aglycones, on glucose uptake in adipocytes isolated from normal or high-fat fed rats was examined. As expected, insulin stimulated glucose uptake in a concentration-dependent manner. However, genistin and daidzin and their aglycones inhibited glucose uptake in a concentration-dependent (25-100μM) manner. In a time-course response, the aglycones significantly inhibited glucose uptake throughout 3 hr (after 30, 60, 120, 180 min), whereas the glycones only significantly inhibited the glucose uptake after 120 min and 180 min in the isolated rat adipocytes. Thus, the glucosides of genistein and daidzein, i.e. genistin and daidzin, were much less effective in inhibiting glucose uptake than their aglycones. In addition, genistin and daidzin did not significantly affect the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, whereas genistein and daidzein did significantly inhibited glucose uptake compared to the vehicle control group by 47.5% and 24.8%, respectively (p < 0.05). The isoflavones also significantly inhibited glucose uptake in adipocytes isolated from rats fed a high-fat diet (50% of total calorie intake) when compared to the vehicle control. Finally, the isoflavones were found to enhance lipolysis in adipocytes isolated from high-fat fed rats, where the glycerol released by the aglycones was also higher than that released by the glycones. The current results showed that the inhibitory effect of daidzein on glucose uptake was very similar to that of genistein. The aglycones were more potent in inhibiting the uptake of glucose and a more potent stimulator of lypolysis than the glycones in adipocytes isolated from high-fat fed rats.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.487-493
• /
• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of various combinations of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids (oleic/linoleic aicds) on volatile compounds of low-fat sausages (LFSs) to have similar characteristics to those with regular-fat counterparts (RFC). The addition of glucose or fructose alone in LFC increased the concentrations of myristicine, pentadecanal and octadecanal, as compared to RFC. In addition, LFSs containing lysine alone had higher concentration of myristicine, as compared to those with RFC. Without the addition of both oleic and linoleic acids, LFS containing glucose in combination with various amino acids, such as alanine, aspartic acid, cysteine, and lysine, had higher concentration of myristicine, as compared to RFC. Furthermore, myristicine content (ppm) of LFSs was different from those of RFC, regardless of the concentration of lysine in combined with glucose or fructose. LFSs containing oleic and linoleic acids with the combination of glucose/glycine or glucose/alanine had the most similar volatile compounds to those of RFC. These results indicated that volatile compounds isolated from smoked LFSs containing sodium caseinate as a fat replacer and the multiple combinations of sugar, amino acids, and fatty acids had the most similar volatile compounds to those of RFC.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.64 no.3
• /
• pp.217-223
• /
• 2021

5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a representative photosensitizer used in numerous fields including cancer diagnosis and treatment. In this study, experiments were conducted to optimize the growth of Rhodobacter sphaeroides and production of ALA through LED irradiation of various wavelengths, addition of organic acid precursors of ALA, and changes in glucose concentration. After 72 h cultivation, the 850 nm wavelength LED irradiated at the same light intensity as the incandescent lamp increased the growth of R. sphaeroides and the production of ALA about 1.5- and 1.8-fold as compared with the control, respectively (p <0.0001 and p <0.0001). As a result of culturing R. sphaeroides by irradiating an LED with a wavelength of 850 nm after adding organic acid to the final concentration of 5 mM in culture medium, the production of ALA was increased about 2.8-fold in medium supplemented with pyruvic acid compared with the control (p <0.0001). In addition, the growth of the strain and the production of ALA were increased about 2.9- and 3.4-fold in medium supplemented with 40 mM glucose compared to the control which added only 5 mM pyruvic acid, respectively (p <0.0001 and p <0.0001). The yield of ALA per cell dry mass was about 1.4 folds higher than that of the control in 20 and 40 mM glucose, respectively (p <0.001). In conclusion, the growth of R. sphaeroides and production of ALA were increased by 850 nm wavelength LED irradiation. It also optimized the growth of R. sphaeroides and production of ALA through organic acid addition and glucose concentration changes.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.367-372
• /
• 1995

Mori Folium(MF) methanol extract and its water soluble fraction showed significant blood glucose lowering effects alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice. Their hypoglycemic activities seemed to nothing to do with the stimulation of insulin release or insulin-like action, according to our experiments. On the other hand, MF prevents the hyperglycemic responses from an oral load of starch and glucose in vivo. Since complex carbohydrates present in a diet must be degraded to monosaccharides by $\alpha$-glucohydrolase before being absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, it is thought that blood glucose lowering effects of MF may be related to the inhibition of $\alpha$-glucohydrolase catalyzed enzymatic reaction. In addition, experiments that examined an effect of MF water soluble fraction on gastrointestinal movement showed no significant GI movement inhibitory effect. In conclusion, MF water soluble fraction may possess active component which is a potential candidate as an orally active agent for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.161-169
• /
• 1995

To investigate the metabolism of various substrates in preimplantation bovine embryos, uptake of glucose and pyruvate, and lactate production were measured in single IVF-derived bovine embryos by a non-invasive method. When the embryos were incubated for 5 h in culture medium supplemented with 1 mM glucose and 0.4mM pyruvate as substrates at each developmental stage, glucose uptake was increased with more advanced developmental stages while pyruvate uptake was decreased. Total lactate producton of 2-cell embryos was significantly higher than that of blastocysts (p<0.05). Both of glucose uptake and lactate production in normal morulae produced in vitro was significantly high compared to the degenerated embryos(p<0.05). The results obtained in the study suggest that pyruvate as an exogenous substrate may be support in bovine embryos until 8-cell stage, whereas glucose may be effective as an energy source after morula stage. In addition, it was proven thatlactate was not effective as an energy source in preimplantation development of IVF-derived bovine embryos.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.583-590
• /
• 1989

Increasing levels of ammonia-N in the rumen fluid used for in vitro incubation were achieved by supplementation of the ration of the donor cows with urea and by addition of urea either with or without glucose to the rumen fluid after collection. The ration of the donor animals consisted of wheat straw (80%) and maize silage (20%). During the second half of the experiment the basal ration was supplemented with a mineral mixture. Wheat straw, Guinea grass and two rice straw varieties were incubated with the various kinds of rumen fluid. Parameters studied were: solubility, apparent organic matter disappearance after 48 hours of incubation ($OMD_{48}$), rate of organic matter degradation from 0 to 24 hours of incubation ($k_1$) and from 24 to 95 hours ($k_2$). The concentration of ammonia-N in the rumen fluid at which 95% of the maximal $OMD_{48}$ and k1 were reached (88.2 and 100.0 mg/l) were independent of the feed. With regard to the $k_2$ the required ammonia-N concentration to reach 95% of the maximal $k_2$ differed per feed. Mineral supplementation increased the OMD48 and $k_1$, but not the solubility and $k_2$. Glucose addition in combination with urea had no beneficial effect compared to urea supplementation alone.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.19 no.7
• /
• pp.709-712
• /
• 2009

Enzymatic glucosylation with glycosyltransferases can be used to regulate the water solubility of aglycone. The drawback of this process is the demand of UDP-glucose as a sugar donor. We made an in-frame fusion of the flavonoid O-glucosyltransferase (OsUGT-3) and sucrose synthase (AtSUS) genes. The resulting fusion protein, OsUGT3-AtSUS, was expressed in E. coli and purified. When sucrose and UDP were supplied, the fusion protein was able to convert quercetin into quercetin O-glucoside without the addition of UDP-glucose. In addition, UDP-glucose was recycled when sucrose was added to the reaction mixture. This fusion protein is useful for the enzymatic production of flavonoid O-glucosides.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.29-38
• /
• 2007

Regulation of invertase biosynthesis was studied with alkalophilic and thermophilic Bacillus cereus TA-11. Biosynthesis of invertase in Bacillus cereus TA-11 was effectively induced in the presence of 10 mM of sucrose for 180 min and 25 mM of raffinose for 90 min, respectively. Glucose repressed the invertase induction by sucrose and as late addition time of glucose, invertase formation was increased, indicating that glucose repression was occurred by inducer exclusion. Catabolite repression was not reduced by the addition of cAMP for 180 min of induction.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.34 no.5
• /
• pp.463-471
• /
• 2001

The bark of Ulmus darvidiana var. japonica Nakai (UDN) has been used for a long time to cure inflammation in oriental medicine. In the present study, two types of extracts, Ulmus water-eluted fraction (UWF) and Ulmus ethanol-eluted fraction (UEF), were prepared from the UDN stem bark, and employed to test the extracts to see if they had anti-oxidative properties against hydroxyl radicals that could alter immune reactivity in mouse immune cells. Deoxyribose assay, DNA nicking assay, and glucose/glucose oxidase assay showed that both fractions had scavenging activity against oxygen free radicals at 50 mg/ml. In addition, hydroxyl radical-mediated apoptosis in mouse thymocytes was not protected by UEF treatment, but the apoptosis was protected by UWF at the same concentration. DNA synthesis and cytokine production that were induced in splenocytes by mitogens (Concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide) were reduced by the addition of both fractions. These results indicate that both extracts that were prepared from the UDN stem bark have anti-oxidative activities, anti-apoptotic effects, and inhibitory effects on DNA synthesis and cytokine production in mouse immune cell cultures.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.826-831
• /
• 2012

Acarbose, a pseudo-oligosaccharide, is widely used clinically in therapies for non-insulin-dependent diabetes. In the present study, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) was added to selected media in order to investigate its effect on acarbose fermentation by Actinoplanes utahensis ZJB-08196. Acarbose titer was seen to increase markedly when concentrations of SAM were added over a period of time. The effects of glucose and maltose on the production of acarbose were investigated in both batch and fed-batch fermentation. Optimal acarbose production was observed at relatively low glucose levels and high maltose levels. Based on these results, a further fed-batch experiment was designed so as to enhance the production of acarbose. Fed-batch fermentation was carried out at an initial glucose level of 10 g/l and an initial maltose level of 60 g/l. Then, 12 h post inoculation, 100 ${\mu}mol/l$ SAM was added. In addition, 8 g/l of glucose was added every 24 h, and 20 g/l of maltose was added at 96 h. By way of this novel feeding strategy, the maximum titer of acarbose achieved was 6,113 mg/l at 192 h. To our knowledge, the production level of acarbose achieved in this study is the highest ever reported.