• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.162-169
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• 2016

Using 1795 observations from the 5 year-359 firm panel data collected during the period from 2009 to 2013 in Chinese stock exchanges, this study examines the impact of the controlling shareholders' ownership on R & D expenditure. This empirical study finds that when firms are state-owned, the controlling shareholders' ownership has a U shaped relation with the level of R & D expenses. A non-linear relation is also found when piece-wise regression models are applied. This empirical study also finds that when firms are private-owned, the controlling shareholders' ownership is negatively related to the level of R & D expenses, and no structural changes in the relation are found when piece-wise regression models are applied. These results support the hypothesis that the effects of the controlling shareholders' ownership on R & D expenses may differ depending on the ownership type of the controlling shareholders. This finding suggests that the differences in the controlling shareholders' incentives due to their ownership type should be considered when exploring the relation between the controlling shareholders' ownership and corporate strategic decisions.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.34-37
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• 2006

When tsunami waves propagate across open ocean they are steered by Coriolis force and refraction due to gentle gradients in the bathymetry on scales longer than the wavelength. When the wave encounters steep gradients at the edges of continental shelves and at the coast, the wave becomes non-linear and conservation of momentum produces squirts of surface current at the head of submerged canyons and in coastal bays. HF coastal ocean radar is well-conditioned to observe the current bursts at the edge of the continental shelf and give a warning of 40 minutes to 2 hours when the shelf is 50-200km wide. The period of tsunami waves is invariant over changes in bathymetry and is in the range 2-30 minutes. Wavelengths for tsunamis (in 500-3000 m depth) are in the range 8.5 to over 200 km and on a shelf where the depth is about 50 m (as in the Great Barrier Reef) the wavelengths are in the range 2.5 - 30 km. It is shown that the phased array HF ocean surface radar being deployed in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and operating in a routine way for mapping surface currents, can resolve surface current squirts from tsunamis in the wave period range 20-30 minutes and in the wavelength range greater than about 6 km. There is a trade-off between resolution of surface current speed and time resolution. If the radar is actively managed with automatic intervention during a tsunami alert period (triggered from the global seismic network) then it is estimated that the time resolution of the GBR radar may be reduced to about 2 minutes, which corresponds to a capability to detect tsunamis at the shelf edge in the period range 5-30 minutes. It is estimated that the lower limit of squirt velocity detection at the shelf edge would correspond to a tsunami with water elevation of less than 5 cm in the open ocean. This means that the GBR HF radar is well-conditioned for use as a monitor of small and medium scale tsunamis, and has the potential to contribute to the understanding of tsunami genesis research.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.381-387
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• 2014

Food irradiation is one of the successful modern techniques used to preserve food. However, it needs very careful control. Detection of irradiated food is of prime importance to facilitate global trade and consumer assurance, choice, and protection. This study was performed to evaluate the radiation-induced hydrocarbon content of dried squid and octopus by e-beam irradiation. The samples were collected from supermarkets all over South Korea and irradiated with an e-beam at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 kGy doses. Lipids were extracted with soxhelt, and the hydrocarbons induced with irradiation were separated via solid phase extraction (SPE) and identified via gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major induced hydrocarbons in the irradiated dried squid and octopus were 1-tetradecene and pentadecane derived from palmitic acid and 1-hexadecene and heptadecane from stearic acid. The concentration of hydrocarbons differed from the composition of the fatty acid at the same radiation and increased according to the level of the radiation dose. The hydrocarbons induced by e-beam irradiation, including 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, and heptadecane, were confirmed to have been the irradiation marker compounds. Therefore, they can be used to distinguish the e-beam-irradiated dried squid and octopus from the non-irradiated ones.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.81-98
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• 2006

Many studies on port tariff have been done over twenty years using publicly assessed data on tariff. Public data for tariff rates do not reflect, however, the port tariff in a real market, since the cargo handling charge, which is the important fraction of port tariff, is confidentially decided by the negotiations between a shipping company and a container terminal operator. In this paper, we collected the real price data of the port tariff on the world major sixteen container ports from a global shipping company and transformed it into the tariff per TEU(US$/TEU). The comparative analysis of port tariff was performed using the port tariff per TEU, and a panel regression analysis was done to identify the relations between the port tariff and demand variables: throughput, GDP and trade amount.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.3
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• pp.398-406
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• 2013

Afforestation/reforestation (A/R) clean development mechanism (CDM) is the only forestry-based activities allowed under the Kyoto protocol. This study was conducted to develop a methodology to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) removals of a small scale A/R CDM pilot project in Goseong, Gangwon Province, Korea. AR-AMS0001 was applied as a methodology and selected tree species were Pinus koraiensis, Larix kaempferi, and Betula platyphylla for total area of 75.0 ha. To improve the accuracy on the GHG removals estimation, selection of the baseline scenario and carbon pools and stratification of the project site were conducted. Based on the developed methodology, net anthropogenic GHG removals were estimated as actual net GHG removals, subtracted by baseline net greenhouse gas removals and leakage. As a result, anthropogenic GHG removals of the project were 12,415 ton $CO_2-e$ and 165.5 ton $CO_2-e/ha$. This project is the first A/R CDM in domestic site and could enhance the technical accuracy of the GHG removals estimation by using countryspecific data reflecting the site condition.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.47-65
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• 2012

Africa has got largely attention from around the world and industrial advanced countries mainly have focused their interest on the continent for the purposes of natural resources development or economic cooperation. Such is in part for their exploiting new logistics. Central America, Oceania and Africa are together now emerging as a new mecca for resources development and global logistics. Considering that Western countries are heavily investing in and preoccupying both social overhead infrastructure and logistics in Africa, it is expected that it will be new opportunities for domestic logistics companies. This research is focused on studying strategies for logistics companies to open Africa, especially Northern African market. For this, the method of questionnaire is applied for related companies. And it also considers proper time for the opening the market, how to enter, geographical market range and interests of countries there. From the result, it is important the timing for entering the market, which means competitive edge gets better with fast making inroads into the market. And strategic alliance is revealed more effective. In addition, geographical market range is another important factor in low infrastructure of logistics in Africa. It is shown that relations between governments have directly effect on business activities. It should be kept in mind that African countries have their big influences on the market.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.63-97
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• 2016

Ago the passenger who using a wheelchair was denied boarding from the airline. The ACT ON THE PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST DISABLED PERSONS prohibits discriminatory treatment of persons with disabilities in transportation. But there are situations that limits the movement on persons with reduced mobility. The international community promote to protect disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility against discrimination and to provide them with assistance when travelling by air. According to news report, the governing Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has established new global core principles on air transport consumer protection. The principles cover three phases of a customer's experience: before, during and after travel, and will now be considered by ICAO's 191 Member States when they develop or review their applicable national regimes. The international community are recognizing that passengers can benefit from a competitive air transport sector, which offers more choice in fare-service trade-offs and which may encourage carriers to improve their offerings, passengers, including those with disabilities, can also benefit from consumer protection regimes. In accordance with these we will also be provided to regulations that can prevent and protect the air passenger. In this paper analyze the regulations of the international air passenger rights, point out the lack of policy.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.199-210
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• 2015

This study analyzes various aspects of the successful overseas expansion of SMEs that export consumer goods with their own brands. Through in-depth interviews with CEOs and marketing practitioners of fifteen SMEs that export consumer goods of their own brands, researchers examined the determinants of the decisions to export own-brand products, forms of expansion into foreign markets, firms' distribution networks, firms' technological and marketing capabilities, export barriers, and export support services offered by the government. The results indicate that these companies obtained competitiveness in the design and quality of their products through steady R&D investment, with a focus on niche markets. This study also shows that they established foreign branches, participated in overseas trade fairs, and tapped into foreign markets with Korean home shopping channels and department stores to build distribution channels and to find new buyers. However, the findings of this study reveal that many of those companies export both OEM/OEM products as well as their own-brand products due to the low level of brand awareness in foreign markets. Thus, efforts to improve their brand awareness in the global market are much needed. In addition, this paper demonstrates that the programs and services provided by state-run organizations need improvement in credibility and expertise. This research suggests recommendations for successful export programs, and provides meaningful insights for consumer-goods SMEs establishing foreign market entry strategies with their own brands.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2016

To minimize cultivation costs, prevent insect-pest infestation, and improve the production efficiency of thermophilic mushrooms, plant substrates obtained from local areas in Cambodia were used for production of both spawn and mushrooms. In this experiment, different sawdusts different organic wastes and grain ingredients and analyzed for improvement of spawn-production efficiency. Four thermophilic mushroom species, Pleurotus sajor-caju (oyster mushroom, Sambok), Ganoderma lucidum (deer horn shaped), Auricularia auricula (ear mushroom), and Lentinula edodes (shiitake), were used to identify efficient new substrates for spawn and mushroom production. Although the mycelia in the rubber tree sawdust medium showed a slightly slower growth rate (10.9 cm/15 days) than mycelia grown in grains (11.2 cm/15 days in rice seeds), rubber tree sawdust appeared to be an adequate replacement for grain spawn substrates. Th findings indicate that rubber tree sawdust, sugarcane bagasse, and acacia tree sawdust supplemented with rice bran and calcium carbonate could be new alternative the substrates for. Although sugarcane bagasse and rubber tree sawdust showed similarly high biological efficiencies (BE) of 60% and 60.8%, respectively, acacia tree sawdust exhibited relatively a low biological efficiency of 22.4%. However, it is expected that acacia sawdust has potential for the mushroom cultivation when supplemented with currently used sawdust substrates in Cambodia, because of its relatively low price. The price of the sawdust (20 kg sawdust= 6500 Riel or 1.6 USD) currently used was 6.5 times higher than the price of acacia sawdust (201000 Riel or 0.25 USD). Therefore, utilization for acacia sawdust for mushroom cultivation could become feasible as it would reduce by producing costs of mushrooms in rural areas of Cambodia.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 2012

The continuous deployment of Urban Traffic Information System (UTIS) in Korea has increased the need for developing more practical applications utilizing the standard functions of UTIS facilities installed on urban arterials beyond its basic applications like gathering traffic data and providing traffic information. The UTIS-based bus signal priority may be one of UTIS-based applications meeting such demands. However, the studies on BSP have not been sufficient for actual field deployment in terms of theories and algorithms so that there have been few actual installations on real urban arterials. Thus, this study was aimed at developing a UTIS-based bus priority signal system and evaluating its effectiveness through a field study. To this end, this study presents the system development processes by dividing the UTIS-based bus priority signal system into hardware and software. In addition, the positive effectiveness of the UTIS-based bus priority signal system was verified through a field application test which was conducted at Gyeonggi Global Trade High School intersection.