• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.212-218
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• 2008

We extracted red ginseng with various alcohol concentrations and evaluated total carbohydrate, uronic acid, polyphenols compounds and ginsenoside contents, and yields of alcohol extract. The water extraction (0% alcohol extraction) showed a high level of total carbohydrate content. 10% and 20% alcohol extraction showed the highest uronic acid contents (7,978.8 and $7,872.7\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract, respectively). The efficiency order of the red ginseng extract (RGE) preparations in liberating polyphenols was: $0{\sim}50%$ alcohol${\geq}\;60%$ alcohol> $70{\sim}90%$ alcohol. Solid contents in RGE were decreased with increased alcohol concentration; the same tendency as with the results of total carbohydrate content. Total ginsenoside contents in $20{\sim}50%$ alcohol extracts showed similar levels ($442,962.9{\sim}47,930.8\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract). Water extraction showed the lowest ginsenoside content ($14,509.4\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract). The ginsenoside contents at above 60% alcohol were decreased with increased alcohol concentration. Generally, ginsenoside (Rg2, Rg1, Rf, Re, Rd, Rb2, Rc and Rb1) contents were increased with increased alcohol concentrations. However, Rg3 content was decreased with increases in alcohol concentration.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.286-292
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• 1986

For the elucidation of saponin synthesis during ontogeny changes of ginsenosides and free sugars in seeds during stratification and seedlings in early growth stage were investigated with high performance liquid chrom-atography. Embryo plus endosperm at 40-day stratification showed 80% decrease of total saponin, disappear-ance of Rc, Rb$_2$ and Rb$_1$ and appearance of Rg$_3$ (probable) and 20-Glc-Rf (probable). Leaf ginsenoside F$_3$ was found not in fruit plup but seed and decreased during stratification. Both decomposition and synthesis of saponin seemed to occure during stratification. Ginsenosides in endosperm and embryo might be originated from fruit pulp by penetration. In seedling saponin appeared first in shoot and in root about one month later. Ginsenoside Rc, Rb$_2$, Rb$_1$ appeared in root at the last investigation (June 30) indicating normal saponin synthetic capacity of root. Saponin synthetic rate was twice in leaf than in root. Leaf ginsenoside F$_3$ was found in seedling root. Root saponin Rg$_3$ and 20-Glc-Rf were found in leaf and stem in seedling and decreased with growth suggesting that rate saponin is not such in certain growth stage. Total saponin content was negatively correlated with PT/PD in seeds and arial parts of seedling due to greater change of PD. than PT. Seed at 70days stratification showed high sucrose content. In seedling glucose was main sugar in stem all the while and sucrose in root at early stage while glucose, fructose and sucrose were found in leaf.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.82-87
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• 1998

To study of production of Panax ginseng leaf tea, after harvested the leaves in July, August, and September as ripening season, the content and composition of ginseng saponin were investigated. 1. Crude saponin contents in the leaves were a about 16.5%, and they were found to be lower in the leaf harvested in September than those harvested in July or August. 2. As similar patterns were observed with month to month in ginsenoside, sum of major ginsenosides of -Re, -Rd and -Rg1 was fixed about 70% of saponin at harvested in each month. And minor components were ginsenoside -Rb1, -Rb2 and -Rc as in order. 3. The ratio of protopanaxadiol(PD)/protopanaxatriol(PT) was revealed reduction of 1.13 of harvested in July to 0.85 of those in September gradually. The contents of protopanaxadiol were high in the leaves of August and protopanaxatriol was high in those September.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.270-276
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• 2012

This study was performed to enhance contents of low molecular weight ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 using an ultra high pressure and steaming process in wild cultured-Root in wild ginseng. For selective increase in contents of Rg3 and Rh2 in cultured wild ginseng roots, an ultra high extraction was applied at 500MPa for 20 min which was followed by steaming process at $90^{\circ}C$ for 12 hr. It was revealed that contents of ginsenosides, Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd, were decreased with the complex process described above, whereas contents of ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3 were increased up to 4.918 mg/g and 6.115 mg/g, respectively. In addition, concentration of benzo[${\alpha}$]pyrene in extracts of the cultured wild ginseng roots treated by the complex process was 0.64 ppm but it was 0.78 ppm when it was treated with the steaming process. From the results, it was strongly suggested that low molecular weight ginsenosides, Rh2 and Rg3, are converted from Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd which are easily broken down by an ultra high pressure and steaming process. This results indicate that an ultra high pressure and steaming process can selectively increase in contents of Rg3 and Rh2 in cultured wild ginseng roots and this process might enhance the utilization and values of cultured wild ginseng roots.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.436-439
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• 1998

Ginseng saponins were analysed using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with several columns. The optimum conditions were as following : reverse phase column; Novapak $C_{18}$ ODS column ($3.9mm{\times}150mm$, $5{\mu}m$), acetonitrile/water binary mobile phase gradient controller system, solvent flow rate; 1.5 mL/min, and UV (203 nm) detector. The complete separation of ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf and $Rg_1$ was achieved within 50 min. The regression coefficients of the calibration curves for seven ginsenosides were 0.98~0.99.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.445-454
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• 2020

Background: Culturing wild ginseng adventitious root using plant factory technology provides genetic safety and high productivity. This production technology is drawing attention in the fields of functional raw materials and product development. The cultivation method using elicitors is key technology for controlling biomass and increasing secondary metabolites. Methods and Results: Elicitor treatments using methyl jasmonate, pyruvic acid, squalene, β-sistosterol were performed to amplify total ginsenosides (Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, and Rd) of cultured wild ginseng adventitious root. Thereafter, fermentation and steaming processes were performed to convert total ginsenosides into minor molecular ginsenosides (Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5). The result indicated that methyl jasmonate minimizes the reduction in fresh weight of cultured wild ginseng adventitious root and maximizes total ginsenosides (sum of Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, and Rd). Ginsenoside conversion results showed a maximum degree of conversion of 131 mg/g. Conclusions: In this study, we demonstrated that the optimal elicitor treatment method increased the content of total ginsenosides, while the steaming and fermentation processing method increased the content of minor ginsenosides.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 1982

This investigation was carried out to study the influence of pH and heat treatment on the ginsenosides in the white ginseng extract. Changes in ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, ,Rc, Rd) and free sugar were measured by the peak area variation of HPLC chromatogram during 25 hours heat treatment at the various level of pH. It was found that :(1) The peak areas of Rb1. Rb2, Rc and Rd on the HPLC chromatogram were decreased remarkably below pH 4.0 and more decrease was found as the temperature and heating time increased. (2) Those of glucose and arabinose were increased remarkably. It is considrered that the increase of glucose and the formation of arabinose result from the hydrolysis of ginsenoside( Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd) linked with sugars.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.188-193
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of moisture content and pressure on extraction yield, crude saponins and ginsenoside contents of puffed Korean ginseng. Puffed ginsengs showed relatively higher extraction yield ($50.0{\sim}62.1%$) and amounts of crude saponins ($19.6{\sim}48.8$ mg/g ginseng) than no-puffed ginseng ($37.6{\pm}0.8%$ and $11.0{\pm}1.0$ mg/g ginseng), respectively. The highest extraction yield and amounts of crude saponins were obtained in 8.0% moisture content sample puffed at 10 $kg_f/cm^2$. In HPLC analysis, amounts of measured major ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1) decreased with increasing puffing pressure, yet contents of almost all major gin senosides were higher than control (no-puffed). On the other hand, ginsenoside Rg3 were produced after puffing suggesting that chemical structure of some ginsenosides might be altered during the puffing process. These results indicate that puffing can increase the extraction yield and crude saponin contents and it could influence the ginsenoside composition.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 2005

This study was compared the quality of red ginseng and characteristic changes of physicochemical properties according to the storage period (non storage, two days, six days, eight days, ten days) and store temperature $20^{\circ}C, \;34^{\circ}C,\;-10^{\circ}C)$. The water content of the fresh ginseng has a tendency to decrease as storage time increases. When we store the fresh ginseng for 10 days, the ideal storage temperature is considered to be $34^{\circ}C$ degrees. The amount of total nitrogen has a tendency to increase more than that of no storage as storage period approaches to 10 days. In the storage temperature, the amount of total nitrogen has a tendency to increase in the order of 1) room temperature, 2) freezing storage, 3) cold storage more than no storage. Cold storage has larger contents of total phenolic compounds than room temperature and freezing storage according to storage temperature. When we analyze the changes of a relative density of eight elements, ginsenoside $Rb_1,Rb_2,Rc,Rd,Re,Rg_3,Rg_1\;and\;Rg_2$ in red ginseng's saponin Rf according to storage condition, the relative density of $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ against Rf diminishes in each storage condition as storage time increases. And it is also thought that density change of ginsenoside appears because of the materials, and change tendency according to storage condition is not clear. From functional nature on the evaluation of the quality, taste and fragrance of red ginseng according to storage district, it is evaluated that it is most recommendable for red ginseng to be transported and stored in $3{\sim}4$ degrees to keep its best condition.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.427-432
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• 1999

Changes in saponin composition and microstructure of ginseng by microwave vacuum drying were determined. Korean fresh ginsengs were subjected to four different processing : 3 min microwave vacuum drying and 2 min holding-24 hrs drying (MWVD1), 5 min microwave vacuum drying and 2.5 min holding-24 hrs drying (MWVD2), 3 min microwave vacuum drying and 2 min holding-12 hrs drying after hot air drying for 12 hrs drying at $45^{\circ}C$ (HMWVD1), 5 min microwave vacuum drying and 2.5 min holding-12 hrs drying after hot air drying for 12 hrs at $45^{\circ}C$ (HMWVD2). The water content was decreased until 16.82% without shrinkage and water activity was 0.54 after microwave vacuum drying. The lipid content was decreased after microwave vacuum drying (MVD). Glucose was increased after MVD while sucrose decreased. Ginsenoside-Rb1 and ginsenoside-Rc were decreased after MVD. Ginsenoside-Rg1 for MWVD2 and HMWVD2 was higher than that of MWVD1 AND HMWVD1. MWVD1 AND HMWVD1 dried ginsengs showed a more compact structure than the HMWVD2 and HMWVD2 ginsengs.