• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.524-531
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• 2018

Background: Fermented black ginseng (FBG) is produced through several cycles of steam treatment of raw ginseng, at which point its color turns black. During this process, the original ginsenoside components of raw ginseng (e.g., Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rc, and Rb2) are altered, and less-polar ginsenosides are generated (e.g., Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, and Rh4). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of FBG on wound healing. Methods: The effects of FBG on tube formation and on scratch wound healing were measured using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and HaCaT cells, respectively. Protein phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase was evaluated via Western blotting. Finally, the wound-healing effects of FBG were assessed using an experimental cutaneous wounds model in mice. Results and Conclusion: The results showed that FBG enhanced the tube formation in HUVECs and migration in HaCaT cells. Western blot analysis revealed that FBG stimulated the phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in HaCaT cells. Moreover, mice treated with $25{\mu}g/mL$ of FBG exhibited faster wound closure than the control mice did in the experimental cutaneous wounds model in mice.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.173-179
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• 2014

Background: Ginsenosides are the major components responsible for the biochemical and pharmacological actions of ginseng, and have been shown to have various biological activities. In this study, we investigated the antiviral activities of seven ginsenosides [protopanaxatriol (PT) type: Re, Rf, and Rg2; protopanaxadiol (PD) type: Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd)] against coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), enterovirus 71 (EV71), and human rhinovirus 3 (HRV3). Methods: Assays of antiviral activity and cytotoxicity were evaluated by the sulforhodamine B method using the cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. Results: The antiviral assays demonstrated that, of the seven ginsenosides, the PT-type ginsenosides (Re, Rf, and Rg2) possess significant antiviral activities against CVB3 and HRV3 at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$. Among the PT-type ginsenosides, only ginsenoside Rg2 showed significant anti-EV71 activity with no cytotoxicity to cells at $100{\mu}g/mL$. The PD-type ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd), by contrast, did not show any significant antiviral activity against CVB3, EV71, and HRV3, and exhibited cytotoxic effects to virus-infected cells. Notably, the antiviral efficacies of PT-type ginsenosides were comparable to those of ribavirin, a commonly used antiviral drug. Conclusion: Collectively, our findings suggest that the ginsenosides Re, Rf, and Rg2 have the potential to be effective in the treatment of CVB3, EV71, and HRV3 infection.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.889-895
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 홍삼과 청국장을 융합하여 기호도 및 기능적 특성이 강화된 홍삼청국장 개발을 위하여 홍삼엑기스와 홍삼분말 첨가량 및 첨가 방법에 따른 품질특성을 조사하였다. 홍삼엑기스를 첨가하여 청국장을 제조한 결과, 설정된 조건에서는 엑기스의 첨가량이 많을수록 점질물을 생성이 많아지고 환원당 함량과 혈전용해능도 높게 나타났다. 홍삼 제품 규격 사포닌 함량은 홍삼엑기스 4%에서 적합하게 나타났다. 또한 홍삼분말 첨가 청국장은 점질물 생성, 환원당 함량 및 혈전용해능이 엑기스 첨가 청국장과 비슷한 경향으로 나타났고 아미노태질소와 암모니아태질소 함량은 분말 첨가량이 높을수록 점점 감소하는 경향으로 나타났으며 조사포닌 함량은 분말 14% 첨가구가 홍삼성분함유 제품 제조 기준에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 홍삼첨가 시기를 달리하여 청국장을 제조한 결과, 점질물, 아미노태질소, 암모니아태질소, 환원당 함량 및 혈전용해능은 첨가시기에 따른 차이가 크지 않았으며, 조사포닌 함량은 발효전에 첨가한 구간이 발효후에 첨가한 것보다 더 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 진세노사이드 함량은 첨가시기에 따른 차이는 크지 않았으며 $Rg_{1}$, Re, Rf, $Rh_{1}$, $Rg_{2}$, $Rb_{1}$, Rc, $Rb_{2}$, Rd 및 $Rg_{3}$가 확인되었다. 이상의 결과로 홍삼엑기스 4%를 발효전에 첨가하는 방법이 홍삼융합청국장의 품질특성이 우수하여 최적 조건으로 설정할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제65권3호
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• pp.129-142
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• 2022

새싹인삼은 잎부터 뿌리까지 섭취가 가능하며 스마트 팜 또는 식물공장에서 재배 시 계절에 영향을 받지 않으며 농약을 사용하지 않아도 되는 이점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 새싹인삼의 최적 재배 시기를 확인하고 영양성분과 항산화 활성을 비교 분석하였다. 생육 시기에 따른 지방산과 무기질 함량은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 총 아미노산 함량은 45일까지 약간 감소하였고 이후에는 증가하였으며 생육 65일 arginine 함량은 3309.11 mg/100 g으로 가장 높게 확인되었다. 총 ginsenoside 함량은 생육기간 동안 큰 변화가 없었다(25일 29.83 mg/g→45일 32.77 mg/g→65일 26.02 mg/g). Ginsenoside Rg2 (0.62 mg/g), Re (8.69 mg/g), Rb1 (4.75 mg/g) 및 Rd (3.47 mg/g)의 함량은 생육기간 중 45일에 가장 높았다. Phenolic acids와 flavonols 함량은 생육 45일 (338.6 및 1277.14 ㎍/g)까지 증가 후 65일까지 감소하였다. Phenolic acids와 flavonols의 주요 화합물은 각각 benzoic acid (99.03-142.33 ㎍/g)와 epigallocatechin (416.03-554.64 ㎍/g)로 확인되었다. DPPH (44.27%), ABTS (75.16%)와 hydroxyl (63.29%) 라디칼 소거활성 및 FRAP 환원력(1.573 OD_573nm) 또한 총 phenolics 및 총 flavonolids 함량과 마찬가지로 생육 45일에 가장 높은 활성을 보였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.759-770
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• 2022

Background: Aerobic cellular respiration provides chemical energy, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), to maintain multiple cellular functions. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) can deacetylate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) to promote mitochondrial biosynthesis. Targeting energy metabolism is a potential strategy for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, such as cardiac and neurological disorders. Ginsenosides, one of the major bioactive constituents of Panax ginseng, have been extensively used due to their diverse beneficial effects on healthy subjects and patients with different diseases. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of total ginsenosides (GS) on energy metabolism remain unclear. Methods: In this study, oxygen consumption rate, ATP production, mitochondrial biosynthesis, glucose metabolism, and SIRT1-PGC-1α pathways in untreated and GS-treated different cells, fly, and mouse models were investigated. Results: GS pretreatment enhanced mitochondrial respiration capacity and ATP production in aerobic respiration-dominated cardiomyocytes and neurons, and promoted tricarboxylic acid metabolism in cardiomyocytes. Moreover, GS clearly enhanced NAD⁺-dependent SIRT1 activation to increase mitochondrial biosynthesis in cardiomyocytes and neurons, which was completely abrogated by nicotinamide. Importantly, ginsenoside monomers, such as Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rc, Rh1, Rb2, and Rb3, were found to activate SIRT1 and promote energy metabolism. Conclusion: This study may provide new insights into the extensive application of ginseng for cardiac and neurological protection in healthy subjects and patients.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.122-127
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• 1999

저출력 및 pulse를 이용한 마이크로파 건조 방법을 달리하여(3분 건조-2분 정지를 반복하여 24시간 건조하는 방법 : MW1, 5분 건조-2.5분 정지를 반복하여 24시간 건조하는 방법 : MW2, 열풍 건조기를 이용하여 $45^{\circ}C$에서 12시간 예비 건조 후 마이크로파 건조기를 이용하여 3분 건조-2분 정지를 반복하여 12시간 건조하는 방법 : MWH1, 5분 건조-2.5분 정지를 반복하여 12시간 건조하는 방법 : MWH2) 인삼을 건조한 후 품질특성을 검토하였다. 수분함량과 온도에 따른 수삼의 유전특성은 수분함량이 높을수록 유전상수값이 증가하였으며 유전손실계수와 침투깊이는 약간의 증가만 나타내었다. 온도에 따른 유전특성은 온도가 증가함에 따라서 $40^{\circ}C$에서 53.4로 유전상수값이 급격히 증가하다가 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며 유전손실 계수와 침투깊이는 수분함량과 비슷한 증가의 경향을 나타내었다. 건조 후 일반성분의 차이는 조단백질, 조지방, 회분, 수분활성도 등은 차이가 없었으며 식이섬유(SDF)의 경우 MWH2 처리구를 제외하고는 차이가 없었다. Ginsenoside-Rb1의 함량은 MW1와 MW2 처리구에서 각각 0.65, 0.64로 MWH1와 MWH2 처리구 보다는 높은 함량을 나타내었으며 유리당의 함량은 각 처리구에 따라서 비슷한 경향을 나타내었다. 미세구조 관찰에서 MW2 처리구가 건조 후 가장 치밀한 내부 구조를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권7호
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• pp.594-601
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• 2008

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Panax ginseng) has been used for several thousand years to prolong longevity in Asian countries. Ginsenosides are the most active components isolated from ginseng and belong to damarane saponin which are separated into protopanaxadiol and protopanaxtriol. To evaluate the complex effect of ginsenoside in apo E null mice, ginseng extract were intraperioneally (i.p.) injected and provided high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. Ginseng extract came from were i.p. injected with dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks in the last experimental duration. Ginseng extract used experiment was abundant Rb1, Rc, Re, and Rg1 and PD：PT ratio was 1.2. The high-cholesterol diet induced liver damage was significantly reduced by ginseng extract. Results from plasma lipid profiles and atherogenic index were improved by ginseng extracts. The GE group significantly decreased plasma TG and TC by 73% and 61% compared to apo E (-/-) group. Also ginseng extract tend to decrease lipid profiles and lipidperoxidation contents in liver and heart. Ginseng extract with an abundant amount of Rg1 significantly suppressed the apoptosis induction of cardiac tissue. In conclusion, ginseng extract (PD：PT = 1) was improved lipid profiles and anti-oxidant effects.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.1087-1094
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was investigated hypoglycemic effects of fermented red ginseng extracts. We prepared non-fermented red ginseng extracts(R), fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum(RL) extracts, Saccharomycescerevisiae(RS) extracts, and L. plantarum mixed S. cerevisiae(RLS) extracts, examined composition of ginsenosides, SOD-like activity, and $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Ginsenoside Re was highest contents in all extracts, second was ginsenoside Rc and then ginsenoside Rb1. Concentration of these ginsenoside was showed higher in RS than in other extracts. SOD-like activity and $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity were shown higher in fermented red ginseng extracts than non fermented extracts. And activities of mixed fermentation extracts(RLS) higher than single fermentation extracts(RL, RS). Effects of blood glucose level, serum lipid profile and metabolic variables were evaluated in streptozotocin(STZ) induced diabetic rat. Experimental group was divided into 7 groups: normal control group(hereafter NC group), diabetes control group(DC group), positive control group treated with 50 mg/kg body weight of acarbose(PC group), treated with 300 mg/kg body weight of R, RL, RS and RLS extracts groups, respectively. Blood glucose level of DC group was maintained high level in all experimental period, but treated with red ginseng extracts groups was reduced the glucose level by R group 18.00%, RL group 28.07%, RS group 29.03%, RLS group 42.42%, respectively. The concentration of total cholesterol and triglyceride of fermented red ginseng extracts treated groups (RL, RS, RLS) was lower than non- fermented extracts group(R) DC and PC groups. The activity of ALT, AST in RLS treated groups were lower than other groups.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.16-26
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• 2012

Ginseng is one of the most widely used herbal medicines and is reported to have a wide range of therapeutic and pharmacological applications. Ginseng may also be potentially valuable in treating cardiovascular diseases. Research concerning cardiovascular disease is focusing on purified individual ginsenoside constituents of ginseng to reveal specific mechanisms instead of using whole ginseng extracts. The most commonly studied ginsenosides are $Rb_1$, $Rg_1$, $Rg_3$, $Rh_1$, Re, and Rd. The molecular mechanisms and medical applications of ginsenosides in the treatment of cardiovascular disease have attracted much attention and been the subject of numerous publications. Here, we review the current literature on the myriad pharmacological functions and the potential benefits of ginseng in this area. In vitro investigations using cell cultures and in vivo animal models have indicated ginseng's potential cardiovascular benefits through diverse mechanisms that include antioxidation, modifying vasomotor function, reducing platelet adhesion, influencing ion channels, altering autonomic neurotransmitters release, and improving lipid profiles. Some 40 ginsenosides have been identified. Each may have different effects in pharmacology and mechanisms due to their different chemical structures. This review also summarizes results of relevant clinical trials regarding the cardiovascular effects of ginseng, particularly in the management of hypertension and improving cardiovascular function.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.473-479
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• 2019

인삼열매는 진세노사이드 함량이 인삼뿌리와 다르게 나타나며, 항 고혈당효과, 항암활성 등의 다양한 약리적 효능이 있다고 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 인삼열매를 수확하여 Rb1 및 Rg1 등의 진세노사이드 함량이 풍부한 4회 증포 인삼열매와 Rg3를 포함한 총 진세노사이드 함량이 풍부한 7회 증포 인삼열매를 혼합하여 열수추출물과 에탄올 추출물을 얻었고, 이를 L. plantarum으로 발효시킨 추출물을 이용하여 액상 스틱을 제조한 후 10, 25, $35^{\circ}C$에서 4개월 동안 저장하면서 진세노사이드 함량 변화 및 이화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 인삼열매 추출물을 함유하는 액상스틱을 $35^{\circ}C$에서 4개월 동안 저장한 후에 pH는 4.81에서 3.81로 저하되었으나, 산도와 고형분 함량은 변화하지 않았다. DPPH 소거능은 $10^{\circ}C$와 $25^{\circ}C$에서 4개월 동안 저장했을 때 큰 변화를 나타내지 않았으나 $35^{\circ}C$에서 4개월 저장했을 때 크게 감소하였다. L값(명도)와 b값(황색도)는 저장기간 동안 감소하였으나, a값(적색도)는 변화하지 않았다. Rg1, Rb1, F2, Rg3(S), Rg3(R), Rg5 등 6종류의 총 진세노사이드 함량은 10, 25, $35^{\circ}C$에서 4개월 동안 저장하는 동안에 큰 변화가 없었으며, 일반세균과 대장균군도 검출되지 않았다.