• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.89-92
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• 2010

In this study, we determined the glycemic index (GI) of an herbal preparation (Insu $100^{(R)}$; Korean red ginseng, carob, mulberry, and banaba). Ten subjects (men and women) took part in standard glycemic testing during a 4-week study period (with duplicate trials of each treatment). Informed consent was obtained from each subject. No adverse effects resulted from the administration of the herbal preparation. The GI of Insu $100^{(R)}$ was $19.5{\pm}5.1$, indicating that administration of this herbal cocktail may be beneficial to people with metabolic disorders and to those who wish to maintain their overall health. This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.281-288
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• 1998

Ginseng saponin from different part of Ginseng and 7 kinds of ginsenosides effect on immnotuncition of young and old mice. There have up-regulation effect in vivo and in vitro experiments for low function of old mice, but not up-regulation effect at normal immuno-function of young mice. That means "Adaptogens" of Ginseng saponin. Not appositions effect at Pg1 and Rb1 and have find, that effect relations with molecular weight of ginsenosides.senosides.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.242-245
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• 1980

The anthocyanin pigments in the fruit skin of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius were extracted with 1% HCl/propanol. The pigments were purified by preparative thin layer and paper chromatography. The major bands in the 2 varieties were identified as pelragonidin-3-monoglucoside by chromatographic, spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatographic methods. The possibility of the anthocyanin acylation was not studied in this report. One of minor red band found in the Panax ginseng (not identified) was missing in the Panax quinquefolius.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.212-218
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• 2009

Triterpenoid saponins were synthesized in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer via the isoprenoid pathway by cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene to give primarily oleanane (beta-amyrin) or dammarane triterpenoid skeletons. The triterpenoids are backbone and undergoes various modifications (oxidation, substitution and glycosylation), mediated by cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent monooxygenases, glycosyltransferase and other enzymes. This is likely to be due in part to the complexity of the molecules and the lack of pathway intermediates for biochemical studies. A cDNA clone encoding a putative CYP gene was isolated from flower bud of ginseng and transformed into the plant(Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi) and confirmed by PCR analysis. The CYP gene (PgCYP) contained an open reading frame(ORF) encoding mature protein of 500 amino acids. The expression of PgCYP were investigated in transgenic tobacco by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.289-293
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• 1998

Six-year-old ginseng roots were divided into rhizome, main root (epidermis, cortex and xylem) and lateral root (big tail root, mid tail root and fine tail root) and the concentration levels of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) in each part of the ginseng were investigated. The amount ratios of SDF to IDF (SDF/IDF) in various parts of the ginseng root were also compared. The concentration levels of SDF and IDF in the ginseng root were 6.56% and 15.41 %, respectively, where the level of SDF in main root was a little higher than that of lateral root. However the amount of IDF in main root was lower than that of lateral root. The SDF/IDF was highest in main root, 0.513, which was higher than that of lateral root or rhizome. The SDF/IDF was 0.704 in xylem, 0.478 in cortex, and 0.099 in epidermis of the main root and the SDF/IDF was 0.576 in big tail root, 0.463 in mid tail root, and 0.255 in fine tail root of the lateral root. It has been reported that SDF might have preventive effects on diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure, colon and rectum cancers, while IDF might have preventive effects on constipation. Therefore, main root of six-year- old ginseng root is thought to have a little different physiological activity from lateral or fine tail roots.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.283-287
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• 2008

The principal objective of this study was to assess the quality characteristics of Hongsamdasik prepared with the addition of red ginseng powder(0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%). The moisture content of Hongsamdasik did not significantly differ between the added red ginseng powder group and control group. The following Hunter color values are not part of the sensory evaluation testing in the results obtained with Hongsamdasik, decreased, whereas the a and b values increased with increasing amounts of added red ginseng powder. The bitter taste was evaluated as improving with increased amounts of red ginseng powder. Hongsamdasik with 2% red ginseng powder had the highest acceptability value. On our mechanical evaluation, the hardness recording, which increased from the control value with increased amounts of red ginseng powder, and significantly so(p<0.05). In conclusion, the Hongsamdasik with up to $2{\sim}4%$ added red ginseng powder would be a useful method for the production of Dasik with its traditional high quality.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.193-203
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• 1973

The saponins of two- and four-year-old American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) (Araliaceae) collected in July and September were studied. American ginseng saponins (panaquilins) differ from Korean ginseng $(Panax ginseng\;C.A.\;M_{EYER})$ saponins (ginsenosides). The American ginseng saponins separated and named were panaquilins A, B, C, D, E-1, E-2, E-3, G-1, G-2, (c) and (d). One-dimensional thin-layer chromatography did not completely separate panaquilin mixture and was subject to misinterpretation. The panaquilins were more accurately separated and identified by the two-dimensional thin-layer method established. Some differences in American ginseng saponins were dependent upon the plant age, time of collection, and part extracted. The American ginseng sapogenin components are panaxadiol (panaquilins B and C), oleanolic acid (panaquilin D) and panaxatriol (panaquilin G-1). The panaquilins E-1, E-2 and E-3 mixture contained both panaxadiol and panaxatriol. The genins of panaquilins A, (c), (d) and G-2 were not identified. In addition, ${\beta}-sitosterol$ and stigmasterol were identified from the root ether extracts.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.212-219
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• 2006

Research literatures (e.g. research report, scientific paper and thesis, published between 2001 and 2005) of 332 collected from KISTI, KISS, ARPC databases were investigated and analyzed to give an overview of domestic ginseng researches. Most of recent ginseng researches have been performed by private nonprofit institutions and individuals, which suggests that a role of public institution fur ginseng researches needed to be enlarged. In terms of research fields, cultivation and agricultural researches have been mainly accomplished in ginseng research. Cell physiology and reproductive function researches occupied large part of pharmacological studies, but clinical studies were relatively limited. Studies on general food products development have taken the main part in fields of food products including functional foods. As the result of analysis of 312 domestic ginseng patents by classifications of world international property organization (WIPO), it was categorized into food technology, medicinal fermentation development technology, fermentation technology, and agriculture-fisheries technology. This integrated overview of the widely scattered ginseng literatures shows current general research trends in Korea and will be able to suggest further needs on cultivation, studies and industralization of ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.144-151
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• 1991

This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of light intensity using polyethylene (p.E) net shading on the specific gravity, red ginseng quality, sugar and saponin contents of ginseng root. The specific gravity significantly increased in the ginseng roots grown under the P.E net shading as compared with that of common straw shading. The red ginseng quality under the P.E net shading was improved in order of 10, 5, 15, 20, 30% of light intensity and the inside cavity and inside white part decreased remarkably as compared with those of common straw shading. The ginseng roots grown under the P.E net shading at 10% and 15% light intensity showed a significant increase in the total sugar content but a significant decrease in the reducing sugar content at 15% light intensity as compared with those of common straw shading. The amount of total saponin of ginseng roots was increased under the P.E net shading at high light intensity as compared with that of common straw shading and the ginseng roots grown under the P.E net shading at 10% light intensity showed an increase in the diol group saponin but the ratio of PT/PD was decreased. Extract contents of ginseng root under the P.E net shading was higher than those of common straw shading and the roots grown under the P.E net shading at 15% and 20% light intensity resulted in a remarkable increase in extract contents.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.169-170
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• 2008