• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.281-286
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• 2000

Non-chemical or low-chemical control measures against key insect pests and rats in the ginseng field were studied from 1993 through 1999. Broadcasting chemicals beside the ginseng field in the oviposition period showed the same control effect on the adults of the Korean black chafer, Holotrichia diomphalia, as broadcasting at the ginseng ridge. Ginseng damage by adults of African mole cricket, Gryl1ota1pa africana, were reduced considerably by broadcasting chemicals beside the ginseng field. The larvae of wheat wireworm, Ectinus sericeus, were attracted effectively to potatoes in the ginseng field. Spreads of the mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki, were very slow in the ginseng field, indicating that it is possible to eradicate the early colonies of Pseudococcus comstocki effectively. The rat repeller, Dekur $500S^{showed}$ a significant control effect of rats in the ginseng field.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.237-241
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• 1994

Surveys were conducted in 66 ginseng fields damaged by insect and other an~mal pests from 1984 to 1993. Holohichio rnoroso, Holotrichio dromphalio, Holotrichia titonis Malodera orientaliq Ectinus sericeus, Gyllotalpa ofricana, Teleog~iluse mmo, Ostrinio furnacoii* Agrotis tokionis, Marnestro brassicae, Hydrellia griseolo, unidentified stem maggo$, Pseudococcus comstocki (13 species of insects). Deroceras uarions (slug), Acusta despecta sieboldiona (snail), probably two species of rats. and pheasant species were ascertained to damage ginseng plants M them, Holotrich~a morosa, Holotrichia diomphalia, Gryliotaipo africanq Deroceras uarions, Acusto despech siebaldiano showed higher frequencies. Underground (root) damage occul~ed mainly in spring penod (MayJune) and fall period (September-Odober) in 2-year-old glnseng fields at slopes, and aboveground (leaf and stem) damage occurred mainly in spring period in 3 or more-year-old ginseng iields mulched with rice straws at plains. Three ginseng fields were abolished due to heavy underground damage.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.408-420
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• 2019

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is an invaluable medicinal plant containing various bioactive metabolites (e.g., ginsenosides). Owing to its long cultivation period, ginseng is vulnerable to various biotic constraints. Biological control using endophytes is an important alternative to chemical control. Methods: In this study, endophytic Trichoderma citrinoviride PG87, isolated from mountain-cultivated ginseng, was evaluated for biocontrol activity against six major ginseng pathogens. T. citrinoviride exhibited antagonistic activity with mycoparasitism against all ginseng pathogens, with high endo-1,4-${\beta}$-D-glucanase activity. Results: T. citrinoviride inoculation significantly reduced the disease symptoms caused by Botrytis cinerea and Cylindrocarpon destructans and induced ginsenoside biosynthesis in ginseng plants. T. citrinoviride was formulated as dustable powder and granules. The formulated agents also exhibited significant biocontrol activity and induced ginsenosides production in the controlled environment and mountain area. Conclusion: Our results revealed that T. citrinoviride has great potential as a biological control agent and elicitor of ginsenoside production.

• Plant Resources
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.205-210
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• 2003

Ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is a perennial herbaceous plant which grows very slowly. It takes about 3 to 4 years from seeding to collecting the ripe seeds and the ginseng propagation is very difficult. and so, it is very difficult to breed ginseng plant. Ginseng tissue culture was started from at 1960, and ginseng commercial product by in vitro callus culture was saled, however upto now, regenerants were not planted to soil normally. Recently, plant genetic engineering to produce transgenic plants by introducing useful genes has been advanced greatly. In a present paper, transformation of ginseng plants was achieved by co-cultivation with Agrobacterium harboring the binary vector coding Proteinase-II gene, which confer resistant or tolerant to insect pests, The binary vector for transformation was constructed with disarmed Ti-plasmid and with double 35S promoter. The NPT II gene and introduced genes of the transgenic ginseng plants were successfully identified by the PCR. Especially the transgenic ginseng plants were regenerated using new techniques such as repetitive single somatic embryogenesis.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.1 s.84
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• pp.78-85
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• 1998

During the screening of biological control agents for insect pests in the greenhouse, 70 dead insect-related fungi were isolated and tested insecticidal effect of their culture filtrates was tested. From this studies, CNAB-63 isolate showed strong control effects against the cotton aphids and the two-spotted spider mite as 65.19% and 77.55%, respectively. The insecticidal active compound of CNAB-63 isolate was purified from culture filtrate by silica gel chromotography, thin layer chromatography and HPLC. Purified active compound (CNAB) showed control effects against the two-spotted spider mite with 63.45% at $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. However, it did not exhibit antimicrobial activity against fungi and bacteria.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.131-135
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• 2019

Cylindrocarpon destructans causes ginseng root rot and produces radicicol that has an antifungal effect. In this study, we developed a method to detect this fungus using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Secreted proteins of C. destructans were used as antigens to obtain C. destructans-specific IgG from mouse. Out of 318 monoclonal antibodies generated from mouse, two antibodies (Cd7-2-2 and Cd7-2-10) showed highest specificity and sensitivity. Indirect ELISA using both antigens successfully detected C. destructans in soils, but direct ELISA using IgG conjugated with horseradish peroxidase failed to detect antigens in soils. The indirect ELISA developed here can efficiently detect the fungus and help manage ginseng root rot disease in fields.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.365-373
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• 1998

In order to estimate accurate quality of crude drugs in which pest was found during the storage, damaged 15 items were collected on current markets. We identified insect name by investigation of insect morphology, bug cluster, and morphology of damaged crude drugs. Three kind of pests were identified in the above 15 items as follows: A: Pyralis sp. (Pyralidae) was observed in damaged Platycodi Radix. B: Anthreus verbasci (Anobiidae) was found out in damaged Angelicae gigantis Radix, and Dioscoreae Rhizoma. C: Stegobium pamceum (Anobiidae) was discovered in the 12 crude drugs as follows: Puerariae Radix, Angelicae koreanae Radix, Angehcae tenuissimae Radix, Codonopsis Radix, Ledebouriellae Radix, Ginseng Radix alba, Angelicae dahuricae Radix, Belamcandae Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma, Alismatis Rhizoma, and Fritillariae Bulbus.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.220-226
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• 2007

For the analysis of hazard factors and the development of GAP (Good Agricultural Practices) Ginseng, 10 ginseng cultural farms wished certified GAP were selected at Geumsan-gun area, a representative site of ginseng cultivation in Korea. In order to verify the safety of GAP ginseng, possible contamination of pesticide and heavy metal residues, and microbial hazard were analyzed. Soil and water around ginseng cultivation field, and ginseng were investigated. Eighty-one pesticides including carbendazim were used as typical pesticide against plant pathogens and insect pests of ginseng plant and general crops. There was no excess the maximum residue limit (MRL) in residue figure of the soil. Including the residue figure of the arsenic (0.81 ml/kg) and 7 other heavy metals was also suitable to cultivate the ginseng plant. The irrigation water and dilution water for pesticide application were also safety level for GAP. Fresh ginsengs from the farms were sampled and investigated pesticide residues and contaminations of bacteria. Among 23 pesticides tested, we didn't detect any kinds of pesticide residues, but tolclofos-methyl was frequently found in the other ginseng field. On the investigation of microorganism hazards, 2 gram negative bacteria and 1 gram positive bacterium were found in the fresh ginseng. Number of total bacteria was $1.5{\times}10^3$ cfu/ml, which was less than the other agriculture products. At these results, 10 selected ginseng farms were good cultural places for GAP ginseng production and the ginseng cultured from Geumsan-gun area were a good safe far human.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.250-255
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• 2018

Pine wilt disease, caused by the nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the most devastating conifer diseases decimating several species of pine trees on a global scale. Here, we report the draft genome of Raoultella ornithinolytica MG, which is isolated from mountain-cultivated ginseng plant as an bacterial endophyte and shows nematicidal activity against B. xylophilus. Our analysis of R. ornithinolytica MG genome showed that it possesses many genes encoding potential nematicidal factors in addition to some secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters that may contribute to the observed nematicidal activity of the strain. Furthermore, the genome was lacking key components of avermectin gene cluster, suggesting that nematicidal activity of the bacterium is not likely due to the famous anthelmintic agent of wide-spread use, avermectin. This genomic information of R. ornithinolytica will provide basis for identification and engineering of genes and their products toward control of pine wilt disease.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.479-484
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• 2011

The number of comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) suddenly increased at ginseng fields in Yangpyeong, Gyeonggi-do from mid July to early August. By the late of September just before digging up the roots of ginseng, more than 8 individuals of the comstock mealybug per plant were occurred and evenly dispersed around the roots. Through the bioassay in the laboratory, six environmental friendly agricultural materials (for example, Nobug, Kkagsami, GB-1, GB-2, GB-3, GB-5) containing sophora extract or paraffin oil as main components were selected by the effective control agents for controlling the comstock mealybug. These selected agents showed a quite similar insecticidal activities to 2 insecticides such as clothianidin and thiamethoxam registered in control of ginseng insect pests. Also. in the ginseng field test, the agent containing sophora extract and paraffin oil, like 2 insecticides showed high control effects against the comstock mealybug.