• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.188-193
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• 2010

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of organic materials on soil organisms. Changes in the community structure, and population density of soil organisms (microbes, nematodes, and microarthropods) were studied in a Korean ginseng field. Phospholipid fatty acids analysis showed that the relative abundances of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes did not differ significantly. The aerobes/anaerobes ratio was the lowest in soils amended with leaf mold, indicating that the decomposition speed was slow. Further, the addition of leaf mold to the soil enhanced the saturated/monounsaturated fatty acid ratio and cyclopropyl fatty acid/precursor ratio, which indicated an increase in environmental stresses. Application of pig manure compost (PMC) had positive effects on the population density of nematodes, and negative effects on that of oribatid mites. The population densities of nematodes, and microarthropods remained relatively low in the plots that had been treated with leaf mold or pig manure compost. It is suggested that pre-planting soil management directed at enhancing the biological decomposition efficiency should be continued over a long period to increase the soil bioactivity in virgin soils.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.189-193
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• 2009

The researchers studied the composition of latent buds by surveying the embryo of harvested seed, and the developmental pathway of latent buds by analyzing the characteristics of local ginseng. One-year-old ginseng seedlings were transplanted into the field and harvested two years later. The developmental pathway of the main bud, which would be the shoot of ginseng in the fourth year, was also investigated. The main bud of the seedling was formed from the region between root and shoot of the germinating seed. Primary and axillary latent buds protruded in a dome-shape from the cortex and separated from the main bud. Ninety percent of the single main bud was derived from the primary latent bud. Twin main buds were derived from a primary latent bud and one axillary bud, and triple main buds were derived from primary latent bud and two axillary latent buds. In the field, the researchers could not find 2-stem plants in 2-3 years old plants. However, the researchers found a 2-stem plant in a 4-year-old plant because its two main buds developed from a 3-year-old plant. We can conclude that a 2-stem plant was observed in the plant that was at least 4 years old. The main buds of the 4-year-old plant were formed at the primary and axillary latent bud of seed and cortex, the latent bud of rhizome in a 2-3 year old plant. In older plants, twin and triple main buds were derived mostly from the cortex latent bud than the primary latent bud.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.251-256
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• 2003

Genetic variation in field grown Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer) was evaluated using random amplified polymorphic(RAPD) markers. (This experiment was carried to collect the local native from farm of Chungnam National University in Korea in order to investigate genetic variation.) Some morphological characters showed considerable variation ranging 22 to 68cm in plant hight, 10 to 38mm in root diameter, 16 to 86g in root weight, and culum color and flowering date, respectively. Ten RAPD primers out of the 32 which produced reproducible bands in 662 Korean ginseng plants were selected for the further study. The total number of bands generated by 10 primers were 108 and among them 103 were polymorphic among the 662 plants with the polymorphism ratio of 94.5％. A total of 662 plants were classified into 16 groups based on polymorphic data with an URP 05 primer.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.575-579
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• 2007

This study was performed to acquire scientific data for establishing the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of pesticides in Korean red ginseng and its extract. Pesticides (azoxystrobin, fenhexamid, cyprodinil) were applied to a cultivated field of ginseng, and the fresh ginseng was harvested and processed to make Korean red ginseng and its extract. The reduction rates of the residue pesticides were calculated by determining the pesticide contents in each stage of ginseng processing. The residue levels in fresh ginseng were 0.12 ppm for azoxystrobin, 0.19 ppm for fenhexamid, and 1.78 ppm for cyprodinil. The residue levels in Korean red ginseng were 0.24, 0.54, and 1.49 ppm, and in the extract 0.81, 1.93, and 3.66 ppm for azoxystrobin, fenhexamid, and cyprodinil, respectively. The steaming and processing of fresh ginseng increased azoxystrobin and fenhexamid residues, but cyprodinil was reduced. The reduction rates (dry basis) of azoxystrobin, fenhexamid, and cyprodinil were 0.66, 0.94, and 0.28 for Korean red ginseng, and 3.25, 4.94, and 1.01 for the extract, respectively.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.248-259
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• 2004

A total 115 isolates of Fusarium species from ginseng roots of 'rotted', and soils collected during 1982-1985 in Korea, were identified and classified into 11 species with the Snyder & Hansen System (with reference to Gerlach-Nirenberg's Modified System). The most dominant of these species were F. solani (55 isolates), F. oxysporum (35 isolates), and F. moniliforme (10 isolates) sensu Snyder & Hansen. The other 8 species (15 isolates) were very rarely isolated and previously identified as F. roseum sensu Snyder & Hansen (1945); these were F. equiseti, F. avenaceum, F. graminum, F. arthrosporioides, F. sambucinum, F. reticulatum, F. semitectum and F. poa. Tested for the ability to infect the roots of ginseng (3 yr. old plants) in field condition with the mycelial inoculum, only one isolate of F. solani (34 isolates tested) and one isolate of F. oxysporum (24 isolates tested) were weakly pathogenic to ginseng roots. Any of the isolates (7 isolates tested) of F. moniliforme [Liseola section] were not pathogenic to ginseng. However, all the isolates of tested of the species of Phytophthora cactorum, Pythium ultimum, and Cylindrocarpon destructans were highly pathogenic to ginseng roots. The species of Fusarium solani and Cylindrocarpon destructans were supposed to be a host dominant disease agent in ginseng plant.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.424-427
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• 2015

Damping-off is a critical disease on ginseng seedling, which caused by the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. The disease has been prevented by tolclofos-methyl for the last 20 years. However, the tolclofos-methyl usually detected on the harvested roots of 6-year-old ginseng. Herein, we tried to select an alternative pesticide which not only must be safe but also efficiently inhibits the fungal pathogen. Four fungicides (fludioxonil, flutolanil, pencycuron, and thifluzamide) were applied to their inhibition efficacy against the pathogen. In in vitro test, fludioxonil treatment showed 80% inhibition activity for 25 days. Thifluzamide and flutolanil showed the activity for 10 days. Pencycuron showed for 1 days. In addition, the fludioxonil was more effective to control the pathogen comparing to other three fungicides in field. The incidence of damping-off was reduced to 71% by fludioxonil treatment. The level of the fungicide residue in seedling was 0.44 mg/kg, which value will be a negligible level in final products after 5 years. Consequently, the fludioxonil is a conceivable alternative for tolclofos-methyl to cope with R. solani.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.161-166
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• 2003

Korean ginseng(Panax gmseng C.A. Meyer) is very difficult to obtain stable production of qualified ginseng roots because of variable stresses in soil environments. In environment stresses, soil condition is the most important factor, among which nutrients, especially inorganic materials such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, etc., influence greatly on the ginseng growth. However, present ginseng field soils in Korea contain so much amount of such inorganic materials that a variety of remarkable disorders were noted in many ginseng plantations, resulting in decrease of qualitative ginseng production. Therefore, it is required to search for genetic resources and genes tolerant to salt stress for the development of ginseng cultivars. Selection of stress-tolerant ginseng lines in fields is very difficult because it is almost impossible to control properly the environmental conditions of soil. On the contrary, it can be studied with ease to search for stress-tolerant ginseng lines through in vitro culture because of easy manipulation of stress conditions. Murashige & Skoog(MS) media with 2.5 folds of $KNO_3,\;NH_4NO_3,\;MgSO_4\;7H_2O,\;KH_2PO_4,\;and\;CaCl_2\;2H_2O$ was established for the selection of ginseng lines tolerant to salt stress under the embryo culture.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.315-323
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• 2018

The goal of this study was to isolate wild yeasts from the fields of medicinal plants and investigate its tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Wild yeasts isolated from soil in the ginseng and Korean angelica fields of Geumsan, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea were identified by comparing the nucleotide sequences of the D1/D2 domain of 26S rDNA. In total, 43 yeast strains belonging to 21 species were isolated from 50 soil samples obtained from two medicinal plant fields. From the ginseng field, six strains of Rhodotorula glutinis and four strains of Sampaiozyma ingeniosa were isolated, out of which Rhodotorula glutinis strains were dominant. In the Korean angelica field, six strains of Cyberlindnera saturnus, three strains of Piskurozyma taiwanensis, and three strains of Saitozyma podzolica were isolated, out of which Cyberlindnera saturnus strains were dominant. We prepared cell-free extracts of the isolated wild yeasts and their tyrosinase inhibitory activities were investigated. Among 43 yeast strains, cell-free extracts of Naganishia globosa G1-7 showed the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity (28.0%).

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.41-45
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• 2007

The roots of the plant Korean ginseng have been extensively used in the traditional Chinese herbal medicine. The effects of chronic administration of Korean ginseng extract (KGE) were investigated on two different anxiety models: the elevated T-maze (for inhibitory avoidance and escape measurements) and the open field test (OFT). Diazepam (1 mg/kg), KGE (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) were administered orally for 15 days. On the 14th day, mice were previously exposed for 30 min to one of the open arms of the T-maze, 24 h before the test. On 15th day, mice had two exposures to the enclosed and open arm of the elevated T-maze followed by exposure to the open field apparatus. The number of line crossings in the apparatus was used to assess locomotor changes. Cumulative Concentration Response Curve of 5-HT was plotted using rat fundus which were pre-treated in a similar way. Treatment with Diazepam (1 mg/kg) and KGE (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) impaired inhibitory avoidance performance but did not impair escape latency. In OFT, diazepam facilitated locomotion as compared to vehicle and other treatment groups. KGE at any of the selected doses did not impair locomotion. Concentration response curve of 5-HT was shifted towards the right with suppression of maxima in rats treated with KGE. The results suggest that KGE exerts anxiolytic like behaviour in a specific subset of defensive behaviour, particularly those related to generalized anxiety disorder.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2008

The North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) seed crop varies from year to year. The ability to hold stratified seed for a year would ensure continuity of seed supply and no interruption in production cycles. Seed drying and rehydration protocols at room temperature $(21{\pm}2^{\circ}C)$ were developed. These protocols and seed storage at 4 ${\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and 35%, or variable, relative humidity (RH) allowed the holding of stratified seed for one year and then establishment of the following five treatments in field plots: Trt.1 : dried 2005 stratified seed (seed harvested Fall 2004) held at $4^{\circ}C$ and at variable humidity; Trt.2 : 2006 stratified seed planted directly into the field; Trt.3 : 2005 stratified seed dried in October 2005 and held at $4^{\circ}C$ and 35% RH ; Trt.4 : 2005 stratified seed held in moist sand from October to December 2005 at room temperature $(21{\pm}2^{\circ}C)$ and then in December dried and held at $4^{\circ}C$ and 35 % RH; Trt.5 : 2005 stratified seed held in moist sand from October to December 2005 at room temperature and then in December dried and held at $-12^{\circ}C$ Seedling emergence was best in Trts. 2 and 4 with 67.3 and 65.1% respectively which is similar to the industry expected rate of 68% after regular stratification. Seedling growth was similar in Trts. 2 and 4 with root dry weights of 172 and 159 mg respectively in mid-August. Therefore, if holding stratified seed in August/September for one year is desired, the seed can be placed in moist sand until December and then dried and stored at $4^{\circ}C$ and 35% RH. These seed can be planted in the following August/September and will germinate and grow in the following year to give an acceptable crop.