• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.78-81
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• 2006

Freshly harvested, immature (green) seeds of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) were stratified for up to 3 years in plastic pails in controlled environment rooms at $5{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 9 months and then $21{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ for 3 months (Trt. 1, regular stratification), or continuously at $-2{\pm}0.2^{\circ}C$ (Trt. 2), or continuously at $3{\pm}0.2^{\circ}C$ (Trt. 3). During stratification at -2 and $3^{\circ}C$ embryos did not grow. On seeding in the field embryos grew rapidly and resultant seedlings were comparable to those from regularly stratified seed. Seedling emergence rate was acceptable at the industry expected rate of 68% after one year of storage, but not after two years storage when it declined to 17.5%. Seed rot was so severe in year 3 that no planting was carried out. Seedling and second year growth were similar at the three stratification temperatures; most importantly, root dry weight (economic yield) was similar. Low-temperature storage of freshly-harvested North American ginseng seed is an acceptable method for short-term retention of propagating material.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.9
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• pp.1351-1356
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• 2013

To enhance the utilization of Allium hookeri (AH) as a food, characteristics of AH roots and leaves cultivated under open field and greenhouse conditions were investigated. The moisture content of the roots and leaves were 81.05 to 84.18% and 88.85 to 90.12%, respectively. The moisture content of AH cultivated in the open field was 2 to 3% lower than the moisture content of AH cultivated in the greenhouse for both roots and leaves. The content of nitrogen-free extract, carbohydrates, was 13.49 to 16.20% in the roots and 7.08 to 7.79% in the leaves. The main mineral generated from both open field and greenhouse cultivation was potassium, at 503.98 to 512.08 mg% in leaves. The free sugar content of roots cultivated in the open field was four times higher than the content in the leaves, and roots cultivated in the greenhouse contained three times lower free sugar than the leaves. In particular, the fructose content of roots cultivated in the open field was about 12 times higher than roots cultivated in the greenhouse. The crude saponin and total polyphenol content was higher in leaves than roots, and was higher in the open field than the greenhouse. The $IC_{50}$ for DPPH radical scavenging activity was highest, 2.74 mg/mL, in 70% MeOH extracts of AH leaves cultivated in the greenhouse. Water and 70% MeOH extracts of AH leaves cultivated in the greenhouse showed no cytotoxicity to RAW 264.7 cells. Water extracts of AH leaves cultivated in the open field markedly inhibited the production of the inflammatory mediator nitric oxide. These results suggest that AH may be used as the material of health functional food.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.430-438
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• 2009

An attempt was made to establish the suitability classes of lands for the cultivation of ginseng(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). For this study, the relationships between various soil characteristics and ginseng yields were investigated on altogether 450 ginseng fields (150 sites in paddy and 300 sites in upland), across Kangwon, Kyunggi, Chungbug, Chungnam, Jonbug and Kyungbug Provinces, where ginseng is widely cultivated. In the paddy fields, most influential properties of soil on the ginseng yields was found to be the drainage class. Texture of surface soil and available soil depths affected the ginseng yields to some extents. However, the topography, slope, and the gravel content were found not to affect the ginseng yields. In the uplands, the texture of surface soil was most influential and the topography, slope, and occurrence depth of hard-pan were least influential on the performance of the crop. Making use of multiple regression, by SAS, the contribution of soil morphological and physical properties such as, topography, surface soil texture, drainage class, slope, available soil depth, gravel content, and appearance depth of hard-pan, for the suitability of land for ginseng cultivation was analyzed. Based on the results of above analysis, adding up all of the suitability indices, land suitability classes for ginseng cultivation were proposed. On top of this, taking the weather conditions into consideration, suitability of land for ginseng cultivation was established in paddy field and in uplands. As an example, maps showing the distribution of suitable land for ginseng cultivation were drawn, adopting the land suitability classes obtained through current study, soil map, climate map, and GIS information, for Eumsung County, Chungbug Province. Making use of the information on the land suitability for ginseng cultivation obtained from current study, the suitability of lands currently under cultivation of ginseng was investigated. The results indicate that 74.0% of them in paddy field and 88.3% in upland are "highly suitable" and "suitable".

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.505-510
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• 2014

This research investigated growth of ginseng regard to sunshade materials and micro metrological phenomena under the sunshade material to product high quality ginseng. Followings are results of investigation of active ingredient from raw ginseng producted under the sunshade materials. The highest temperature under the sunshade material from June to August was measured from a Three-layered blue and one-layered black polyethylene net (TBOBFN) followed by a aluminium-coated polyethylene sheet (ACPS) and blue polyethylene sheet (BPS). The highest light penetration of $381.7{\mu}mol/s/m^2$ was obtained from the BPS at August, also the temperature was highest at the ginseng field. Growth of above ground part of 2~3 year old ginseng under the ACPS was the highest, followed by the ACPS and the BPS. In case of 4 year old ginseng, the ACPS and the BPS was the same, followed by the TBOBPN. Root length and diameter of 2~3 year old ginseng showed difference among treatments, but 4 year old ginseng was not showed difference. Meanwhile, the highest amount of root of 4 year old ginseng of $896g/m^2$ was obtained from ACPS. The total amount of ginsenocide of 4 year old ginseng under the ACPS was highest, followed by the BPS and the TBOBPN. Chromaticity of ginseng root under the TBOBPN was highest, followed by the ACPS and the BPS.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.84-91
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• 1989

This study was conducted to Investigate the effects of physico-chemical soil properties on the growth and yield of ginseng. 1 In the field survey, the yields of 6 year old ginseng were 2.46 Kg/3.3$m^2$, 2.13 Kg/3.3$m^2$, 1.44 Kg/3.3 $m^2$ in clay loam, loam and sandy loam soils, respectively 2. The missing plant rate for il year old ginseng were 33.6% and 51.6% in clay loam and sandy loam soils, respectively : the stem length and stem diameter of ginseng plants in sandy loam soil were smaller than those in clay loam soil. 3. Soil aggregation and porosity we're slightly higher in 6 year old ginseng fields than in 2 year ones. 4. Inorganic-N increased in 2 year and 3 year old ginseng fields reaching up to 100-120ppm, however it 1 decreased to 75 ppm, 34 ppm and 25 ppm in 4, 5 and 6 year old ginseng fields, respectively, It varied 1 more greatly in sandy loam soil than in clay loam. 5. The $P_2O_5$, K, Ca, and Mg contents differed little with plant age. Sandy loam had high N and $P_2O_5$ contents but low cation contents. 6. The yield of 6 year old ginseng fields were significantly correlated with clay contents and porosity. The missing Plant rate of 6 year old ginseng had a positive correlations with sand. and N contents.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.6
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• pp.105-115
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• 2024

Wild ginseng, grown in undisturbed forest environments, has been maintained for centuriesthrough human intervention and knowledge, leading to the development of current ginseng agriculture. The practice of ginseng farming has long been established in various regions of Korea. However, the ginseng farming specifically in Geumsan was recognized as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 2018. This designation was granted after a thorough evaluation, which confirmed that Geumsan's ginseng farming met the necessary criteria, including historical importance, traditional knowledge system, agrobiodiversity, and agricultural landscape. Traditional ginseng farming in Geumsan practices the 'rotating agriculture system', a sustainable land use approach that has been developed over several cycles of long duration (10-15 years). It contains the knowledge to choose locations for cultivation that prioritize the direction of sunlight and wind circulation. Furthermore, it received significant recognition for its agricultural heritage value based on its maintenance of several traditional knowledge systems, including ancestral wisdom and knowledge regarding pre-planting field management techniques. As of December 2023, there are currently 86 locations in 26 nations that have been designated as GIAHS. Among these sites, Geumsan stands out as the first and only site in the world specifically recognized for the cultivation of ginseng crops. This historical record serves as a significant reminder of Korea's prominent position as a major producer of ginseng on a global level. This article first provides an overview of the concept of agricultural heritage, the designation criteria, and the status of the designation. It then identifies, among the GIAHS designation criteria, the agricultural heritage value of traditional ginseng farming in the Geumsan region from the perspective of local traditional knowledge systems.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.88-88
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• 2008

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.159-160
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• 2009

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.152-158
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• 2019

This study was conducted to develop and prove the effects of an agronomical pest control measure on ginseng cultivated by direct seeding in paddy field, and the results obtained are as follows. Decomposition of ginseng in field during overwintering was due to gray mold rot caused by Botrytis cinerea, which occurred in October or November of 2016 and intensified in February and March the following year. The occurrence rate of gray mold rot based on shading materials was 6.5%, 16.8%, and 29.5% with light-proof paper, PE shade net, and rice straw shade, respectively. The initial infection occurred in the leaves prior to wintering and secondary infection occurred in the stems after wintering. The rate of screrotium formation by gray mold in the above-ground parts of ginseng tended to increase: 26.6% on October 20, 33.7% in November 20, and 41.8% on December 20. The force needed to remove the leaves and stems from withered ginseng was 0.2, 0.94, 2.5, and 5 kg for 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4- and 5-year holds; the force required was 1 kg after wintering, making it relatively easy to remove. The disease incidence rate after the removal of leaves and stems was 2.5%, 1.2%, and 2.2% in 4-, 5-, and 6-year-old plants, respectively, and a disease high incidence rate of 8.8%, 13.0%, and 18.2%, respectively, was seen when the leaves and stems were not removed. In both transplanting and direct seeding, the miss-planted rate decreased and the germination rate increased when shading material was removed and the surface of ridge was covered with soil or vinyl.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2022

Ginseng is an important medicinal plant cultivated in East Asia for thousands of years. It is typically cultivated in the same field for 4 to 6 years and is exposed to a variety of pathogens. Among them, ginseng root rot is the main reason that leads to the most severe losses. In this study, endophytic bacteria were isolated from healthy ginseng, and endophytes with antagonistic effect against ginseng root rot pathogens were screened out. Among the 17 strains, three carried antagonistic effect, and were resistant to radicicol that is a mycotoxin produced by ginseng root rot pathogens. Finally, Bacillus velezensis CH-15 was selected due to excellent antagonistic effect and radicicol resistance. When CH-15 was inoculated on ginseng root, it not only inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen, but also inhibited the progression of disease. CH-15 also carried biosynthetic genes for bacillomycin D, iturin A, bacilysin, and surfactin. In addition, CH-15 culture filtrate significantly inhibited the growth and conidial germination of pathogens. This study shows that endophytic bacterium CH-15 had antagonistic effect on ginseng root rot pathogens and inhibited the progression of ginseng root rot. We expected that this strain can be a microbial agent to suppress ginseng root rot.