• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2017

Background: Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. or Vietnamese ginseng (VG) is a recently discovered ginseng species. Studies on its chemical constituents have shown that VG is remarkably rich in ginseng saponins, particularly ocotillol saponins. However, the psychopharmacological effects of VG have not been characterized. Thus, in the present study we screened the psychopharmacological activities of VG in mice. Methods: VG extract (VGE) was orally administered to mice at various dosages to evaluate its psychomotor (open-field and rota-rod tests), sedative-hypnotic (pentobarbital-induced sleeping test), anti-stress (cold swimming test), anxiolytic (elevated plus-maze test), and cognitive (Y-maze and passive-avoidance tests) effects. Results: VGE treatment increased the spontaneous locomotor activity, enhanced the endurance to stress, reduced the anxiety-like behavior, and ameliorated the scopolamine-induced memory impairments in mice. In addition, VGE treatment did not alter the motor balance and coordination of mice and did not potentiate pentobarbital-induced sleep, indicating that VGE has no sedative-hypnotic effects. The effects of VGE were comparable to those of the Korean Red Ginseng extract. Conclusion: VG, like other ginseng products, has significant and potentially useful psychopharmacological effects. This includes, but is not limited to, psychomotor stimulation, anxiolytic, antistress, and memory enhancing effects.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.875-879
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• 2017

We conducted two experiments to evaluate effects of feeding various types of red ginseng marc and Houttuynia cordata (H.cordata) on blood profiles of poultry in a completely randomized design. In experiment 1 (28 d), a total of 240 broilers (Arbor acres) were used. Four dietary treatments (15 broilers per pen with four replicate pens per treatment) were included: (1) control, (2) 2% red ginseng marc, (3) 1% fermented red ginseng marc with red koji, and (4) 2% liquid red ginseng. There were no significant differences in HDL and LDL-cholestrol among treatments (P > 0.05), but total cholesterol and triglyceride decreased in diets supplemented with red ginseng marc and 1% fermented red ginseng marc with red koji compared to that in the control treatment (P < 0.05). In experiment 2 (38 d), a total of 240 Pekin ducks were randomly divided into 4 groups by dietary treatments (control, 1% fermented H. cordata powder with red koji, 1% fermented H. cordata pelleted with red koji, and 1% fermented H. cordata coated with red koji) with 4 replicates of 15 ducks in each group. Total cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol were not affected by diet with various types of H. cordata. However, increase in HDL-cholesterol and decrease in LDL and VLDL-cholesterol were greater in treatments with different types of H. cordata than in the control treatments (P < 0.05). In conclusion, using various types of red ginseng marc and H. cordata in poultry diets was effective for increasing HDL-cholesterol and decreasing total, LDL, and VLDL-cholestrol or triglyceride.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.138-148
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• 2011

Exponential rise in the use of mobile communication devices has generated health concerns due to radiofrequency (RF) exposure due to its close proximity to the head. Calcium binding proteins like calretinin regulate the levels of calcium ($Ca^{2+}$) which plays an important role in biological systems. Ginseng is known for maintaining equilibrium in the human body and may play a beneficial radioprotectant role against electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. In the present study, we evaluated the radioprotective effects of red ginseng (RG) extract in a mouse model. Calretinin (CR) expression was measured using a free-floating immunohistochemical method in the hippocampus of mice after 835 MHz EMF exposure for 5 h/d for 5 d at specific absorption rate=1.6 W/kg for the different experimental groups. The control animals were treated with NaCl while the experimental animals received 10 mg/kg ginseng, or 30 mg/kg; EMF exposed mice were also treated with NaCl, 10 mg/kg ginseng (E10), or 30 mg/kg (E30). Decreases in CR immunoreactivity (IR) along with loss of CA1 and CA3 interneurons and infragranular cells were observed in the ENaCl group while such losses were not observed in the E10 and E30 groups. CR IR significantly increased in the RG-treated group compared to control and EMF-exposed groups treated with NaCl. The study demonstrates that RG extract can serve as a radioprotective agent that maintains $Ca^{2+}$ homeostasis and prevents neuronal loss in the brain hippocampal region caused by RF exposure.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2024

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Mayer) is an important natural medicine. However, a long culture period and challenging quality control requirements limit its further use. Although artificial cultivation can yield a sustainable medicinal supply, research on the association between the transplantation and chaining of metabolic networks, especially the regulation of ginsenoside biosynthetic pathways, is limited. Methods: Herein, we performed Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry based metabolomic measurements to evaluate ginsenoside accumulation and categorise differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs). Transcriptome measurements using an Illumina Platform were then conducted to probe the landscape of genetic alterations in ginseng at various ages in transplantation mode. Using pathway data and crosstalk DAMs obtained by MapMan, we constructed a metabolic profile of transplantation Ginseng. Results: Accumulation of active ingredients was not obvious during the first 4 years (in the field), but following transplantation, the ginsenoside content increased significantly from 6-8 years (in the wild). Glycerolipid metabolism and Glycerophospholipid metabolism were the most significant metabolic pathways, as Lipids and lipid-like molecule affected the yield of ginsenosides. Starch and sucrose were the most active metabolic pathways during transplantation Ginseng growth. Conclusion: This study expands our understanding of metabolic network features and the accumulation of specific compounds during different growth stages of this perennial herbaceous plant when growing in transplantation mode. The findings provide a basis for selecting the optimal transplanting time.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.380-387
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of the content of soil chemical components and growth characteristics in five years old ginseng affected by application of manure in paddy-converted field. As all livestock manure regardless of kinds increased along with the whole soil chemical component, including the pH and EC in 2008. Change in the EC of control plot was slightly increased but not exceeded 1 ds/m over the years. However, the changes in the EC of livestock manure regardless of kinds and amounts were highly increased and irregularly exceeded 1.5 ds/m in 2012. The 5 years old ginseng root fresh weight, treatment of fertilizing pig manure compost 4 ton per 10 areas (PMC 4t on/10a) and fowl manure compost 4 ton per 10 areas (FMC 4 ton/10a), were superior to the others. But there were no difference between PMC 4 ton/10a, FMC 4 ton/10a and control. The standing crop rate 39.6%, treatment of fertilizing cattle manure compost 4 ton per 10 areas (CMC 4 ton/10a), was best in all livestock manure. However that was relatively lower than control. Physiological disorder occurrence rates of livestock manure related with leaf and root of ginseng were also higher than that of control. If excessively using non-decomposed livestock manure, It would be caused physiological disorder in many ways. It is a big problem to be producing the quality ginseng. More research is needed to find out the economic and effective fertilizer.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2000

본 논문은 인삼의 한의학적 응용과 현재 각국별 인삼의 복용기준 및 그 동안 수행된 임상실험을 중심으로 인삼의 응용과 복용량에 대한 문헌적 고찰을 하였다. 인삼분말 기준 복용량은 특별히 처방에 기술되어 있지 않은 한 1회 3~4 g정도 복용하는 것이 보편적 복용량으로 간주되며, 인삼제품도 이에 상당하는 인삼량으로 복용하면 될 것으로 사료된다. 다만 서구권의 경우는 인삼을 의약품으로 분류하여 복용량을 하루 1-2정도로 규정하고 있고 임상실험에서 사용된 인삼투여용량은 대부분 1g 이하로 되어 있다 서구에서의 인삼복용량 설정은 그 동안 인삼의 안전성(부작용과 역작용 등)과 관련된 사례보고 등에 근거하여 그 복용기준을 설정한 것으로 이해된다. 그러나 동서양간 인삼복용량의 차이점에 대해서는 동양인과 서구인들 간의 식생활 차이 또는 인종적 차이에 기인한 인삼의 복용 반응의 차이인지에 대해서 추후 검토되어야 할 사항이다. 아울러 인삼의 투여용량별 효과의 차별성이 있는지, 금후 인삼의 적정 투여용량 설정과 관련하여 인체실험을 통한 활성성분의 체내동태(Pharmacokinetics)와 자생체내 이용효율(Bioavailability)에 대한 연구가 이루어져야할 것이다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.99-106
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• 2009

Objectives : The antidepressant effect of the subchronic administration of the methanolic extract of wild ginseng(WG) was investigated compared with that of cultivated ginseng(CG, panax ginseng) extract. Methods : To assess the antidepressant effect of the ginseng extracts, tail suspension test(TST) was executed in mice after daily administration of WG or CG extract for five consecutive days. Results : The WG extract at daily dose of 600mg/kg significantly reduced the total duration of immobility in the TST, whereas there was no significant reduction at daily dose of 300mg/kg WG and 600mg/kg CG. There were no individual differences between experimental groups in open field test (OFT) to evaluate psychostimulant effects of WG or CG extract. In the high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) analysis of the extracts, it was found that WG included four times more ginsenoside Rg1 and Re, three times more Rf, and six times more Rb1 and Rc than CG. Conclusions : It is suggested that WG extract has stronger antidepressant effect than CG extract, which means it includes more antidepressant compounds than CG.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.705-718
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• 2014

본 연구는 인삼점무늬병과 탄저병에 대한 친환경자재로 만들어진 친환경 살균제의 억제효과를 알아보기 위해서 수행을 했다. 인삼 점무늬병과 인삼 탄저병들은 인삼뿌리가 비대하기 시작하기 전에 낙엽을 시켜서 수확량을 크게 감소하는 주요한 병들이다. 천연칼슘, 녹차추출물, 홍삼박 술등은 A. panax에 의해서 유발된 인삼 점무늬병에 대해서 상당한 억제효과를 보였고 게 껍질 발효액과 익모초자연즙액은 C. gloeosporioides에 의해서 유발된 인삼탄저병에 대해서 큰 억제효과를 나타내었다. 이들 친환경 살균제는 치료효능보다 대체적으로 예방효능이 더 우수 하였다. 그러므로 이들 친환경 자재들은 인삼 유기재배포장에서 사용할 수 없는 화학농약을 대체하는 살균제로써 이용할 수 있고 그들의 억제효과를 극대화하기 위해 발병 전에 처리를 해야 한다.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1122-1122
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• 2001

A compact and handhold near infrared (NIR) system using microspectrometer was developed. This system was suitable not only in the laboratory, but also in the field or in the process. This system was first applied for classification of geographical origin of herbal medicine such as ginseng and sesame. To identify the origin of ginseng on site, the portable NIR system is more suitable for real field application. For this study, using the compact NIR system, soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA) with 1100-1750 nm NIR spectra was utilized for classification of geographical origin (Korea and China) of both ginseng and sesame. The accuracy of results is more than 90%. Quantitative analysis for petroleum such as toluene, benzene, tri-methyl benzene, and ethyl benzene was performed with partial least squares (PLS) regression with NIR 1100-1750 nm spectra. This study showed that the NIR method and gas chromatography (GC), which is a standard method, have good correlations. Furthermore, the ash content of Cornu Cervi Parvum was analyzed and the accuracy was confirmed by the developed compact NIR system.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.100-104
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• 1997

Influence of the moisture content in soils was examined on population variations of soil microbes, including Cylindrocarpon destructans causing root rot of ginseng, in vivo and under the field condition. Fungal populations decreased in soils treated with various moisture contents in vivo as days after the treatment in creased, but there was not a significant difference in the population among other treatments except 135% moisture content (flooding) at 15 weeks after the treatment. In flooded soils populations of total fungi and C. destructans were reduced to 1/10 and 1/50 of initial populations, respectively. There was, however, a little difference in the population of total bacteria or Actinomycetes between before and at 15 weeks after flooding. On the other hand, population variations of bacteria and Actinomycetes were much greater than those of fungi at different intervals after the moisture treatment. Variations of microbial populations in flooded soils under the field condition were similar to those in vivo. Especially, populations of Fusarium and pectolytic bacteria in flooded soils were reduced to 1/100 of populations in nonflooded soils at 170 days after treatment.