• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.210-215
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• 2007

This study aims to investigate if the properly use of pesticide in Ginseng farmland at Gangwon-do, Korea. Questionnaire included 36 questions such as control method for plant diseases, pests and weeds and pattern of pesticide use was answered by 271 Ginseng farmers lived in 4 cities and 8 counties at Gangwon-do. Ginseng farmers have noxious plant diseases, insects and weeds such as leaf spot, anthracnose, snail, stem-mining fly, horseweed and hairy crabgrass. To control of these, 35% of farmers relied on various type of pesticides and 31.5% of farmers used pesticides mingling with natural enemy, microorganism and organic materials. Farmers selected the pesticide based on the their own experiences or by recommendation of market dealers and neighbors, resulting in the use of inappropriate pesticides in the Ginseng farmland(78.8 % ). They followed standard dosage of the pesticide from Handbook of Pesticide Application(96.3%). They, however, used the same pesticides from 2 to 5 years(44.1 %). This consecutive use of pesticide could be induced resistance. This survey resulted that study for pesticide resistance and systematic educational program for proper use and selection of pesticide to Gingseng farmers should be conducted in farmland at Gangwon-do, Korea.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the changes in ingredients according to its cultivation method by examining the content of saponin and non-saponin components of ginseng. Methods: Ginseng saponin component analysis was compared and reviewed using the high-performance liquid chromatography method, and acidic polysaccharide component was measured using the carbazole sulfuric acid method. Results: The comparative analysis of ginseng saponin content of 4 and 6 years old fresh ginseng showed the following results. According to the cultivation method, upland field cultivation fresh ginseng showed higher average content of crude saponin than paddy field cultivation fresh ginseng. Whereas, paddy field cultivation fresh ginseng showed higher average content of total saponin than upland field cultivation fresh ginseng. Ginsenoside Rb1 showed higher content of paddy field cultivation fresh ginseng than upland field cultivation fresh ginseng in 6 years old ginseng. However, it showed higher content of upland field cultivation fresh ginseng than paddy field cultivation fresh ginseng in 4 years old ginseng. Additionally, ginsenoside Rg1 showed higher content of paddy field cultivation fresh ginseng than upland field cultivation fresh ginseng in 6 years old ginseng, whereas upland field cultivation fresh ginseng showed higher content of paddy field cultivation fresh ginseng in 4 years old ginseng. The effect on the content of ginseng saponins and acidic polysaccharides according to paddy field and upland field cultivation methods is considered to be small. Conclusions: The paddy field cultivation method, which is more efficient in production cost due to depletion of farmland and long-distance cultivation, is considered to be an economical cultivation method.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.77-85
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• 2019

Background: Glomus intraradices is a species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that, as an obligate endomycorrhiza, can form mutually beneficial associations with plants. Panax ginseng is a popular traditional Chinese medicine; however, problems associated with ginseng planting, such as pesticide residues, reduce the ginseng quality. Methods: In this experiment, we studied the effect of inoculating G. intraradices on several physiological properties and microbial communities of ginseng. UV-Visible Spectrum method was used to detect physical properties. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis method was used to analyze microbial communities. Results: The results indicated that inoculation with G. intraradices can improve the colonization rate of lateral ginseng roots, increase the levels of monomeric and total ginsenosides, and improve root activity as well as polyphenol oxidase and catalase activities. We also studied the bacterial and fungal communities in ginseng rhizospheric soil. In our study, G. intraradices inoculation improved the abundance and Shannon diversity of bacteria, whereas fungi showed a reciprocal effect. Furthermore, we found that G. intraradices inoculation might increase some beneficial bacterial species and decreased pathogenic fungi in rhizospheric soil of ginseng. Conclusion: Our results showed that G. intraradices can benefit ginseng planting which may have some instructive and practical significance for planting ginseng in farmland.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2019

Ginseng has been recognized as a lifespan extending medicine which has been regarded as one of the medicines classified as top medicines, as the Boncho (medical herbs) study which is influenced by the idea of guidance's costume and food concept mainly in China is gaining its bona fide form. As the demand for ginseng has been expanded to other levels, the demand for ginseng has been increasing. Ginseng from the nature reached its supply chain limit due to its extinction and difficulty of picking, so it translated into ginseng cultivation of economy rather than harvesting in nature. After the start of ginseng cultivation, the ginseng cultivation was further enhanced by the rapid development of processing methods such as white-ginseng and red-ginseng, and the surge of consumption due to the traditional belief in ginseng drug efficacy and support of scientific research. In the Joseon Dynasty, the name Gasam (cultivated ginseng) had been created as ginseng was cultivated on farmland after the stage of SanYang (wild cultivated ginseng), the purpose of the new name Gasam is to differentiate from natural ginseng, and natural ginseng lost its firm position as the genuine ginseng as the Gasam replaced the genuine ginseng, and the natural ginseng got a new name of SanSam (wild ginseng). Because the real ginseng substance concept dissipated, and as Gasam is being called ginseng, the name Gasam was also disappeared. As a result, it was possible to grow large quantities according to the arrival of the Gasam era, and it was possible to supply the demand for ginseng, and it could become one agricultural industry. In this ginseng cultivation, in Japan where ginseng did not grow naturally, it was difficult to obtain ginseng from Joseon and faced with a shortage of ginseng at all times. Therefore, the shogun cultivated the Gasam systematically at the national level by the inside of the shogunate. However, since the natural ginseng is native to China and Korea, there is a concern about the deterioration of the quality of natural ginseng due to the incorporation of cultivated ginseng (Gasam). To protect the interests, the cultivation of ginseng was subject to control. For this reason, the lack of historical information on Gasam cultivation, which had to be started secretly, would be a natural result. In this paper, althouh not sufficient enough, the historical informations were used to summarize the history of ginseng cultivation in China, Japan and Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.73-79
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• 2013

As facilities performing the production, processing, preservation, and shipment of agricultural products; agricultural facilities are categorized into planting facilities and livestock facilities based on the management target. Agricultural facilities are set in farmlands, and facility users mainly complain about the legal or institutional restrictions on farm rather than their own facilities itself. From 2009 to 2012, the Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) published the "Casebook of farmer Complaints on Farmlands" in order to help answer farmers' questions and support public workers' workloads. However, contents related to agricultural facility installed in farmland are currently not dealt with in particular. Among agricultural facilities, demands of property rights with livestock facilities have risen due to construction permissions, operational restrictions, and high initial investment costs; and relevant laws were revised and are now being executed. However, for planting facilities such as mushroom facilities, ginseng facilities, and greenhouses; farmer complaints related to property rights are constantly increasing because revisions to relevant laws are not being made despite the rising diversity of construction materials through technical developments as well as the rising scale of assets-i.e. mechanization, automation, and the application of New Regeneration Energies according to capital influx. In this study, the current state of relevant agricultural facility legislation were organized and their drawbacks deduced in order to propose improvements of Agricultural Facility Legislation. The result of interviewing with public workers and farmers show that agricultural facilities should be regarded as extensions of farmlands rather than as facilities built in land where development actions were being taken. Alternatives able to reflect these opinions were suggested through expert consultation.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2023

The Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs established the FarmMap, an digital map of agricultural land. In this study, using deep learning, we suggest the application of farm map reading to farmland such as paddy fields, fields, ginseng, fruit trees, facilities, and uncultivated land. The farm map is used as spatial information for planting status and drone operation by digitizing agricultural land in the real world using aerial and satellite images. A reading manual has been prepared and updated every year by demarcating the boundaries of agricultural land and reading the attributes. Human reading of agricultural land differs depending on reading ability and experience, and reading errors are difficult to verify in reality because of budget limitations. The farmmap has location information and class information of the corresponding object in the image of 5 types of farmland properties, so the suitable AI technique was tested with ResNet50, an instance segmentation model. The results of attribute reading of agricultural land using deep learning and attribute reading by humans were compared. If technology is developed by focusing on attribute reading that shows different results in the future, it is expected that it will play a big role in reducing attribute errors and improving the accuracy of digital map of agricultural land.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.195-214
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• 2009

The Mangi yoram("萬機要覽"), a guidebook of state affairs, was published by royal command in the late Joseon period. Its chapters on financial affairs(財用篇) are particularly remarkable, as they explain on all aspects of the national finance of the late Joseon period in a clear manner. The financial part of the Mangi yoram includes metallic mineral resources, such as the location of gold, silver, copper, lead deposits and the prosperity and decline of the mines, and the various uses of each of the minerals. These are still regarded as valuable resources. Its contents on agricultural geography comprise not only the total yearly output of grains, paddyfields and dryfields, their taxation and standards of taxation, but also ginseng which was famous in the outside world in the pre-modern era. The book also clearly explains distribution of agricultural dikes for irrigation and their functions. The book also contains information on forestry geography, e.g. the varieties of pine trees and their distribution and mountain containment policies. Contents related to commercial geography consist of material on different types of markets such as the yukuijeon(六矣廛), sijeon(市廛), peongsisuh(平市署), nanjeon(亂廛), and the distribution, size and prosperity and decline of the border markets of the northern frontier such as the hoeryungkaesi(會寧開市) and geongwonkaesi(慶源開市). Contents related to transport geography are the distribution and functions of government granaries etc. Obviously, this book contains detailed information on various aspects of Korean geography. If we try to understand the contents of this book from the framework of modern geographical classification schemes, the geographic information contained in the book assumes even greater significance. In sum one may conclude that this book, which the king kept by his side, contained useful geography related knowledge and necessary information, and was directly relevant to the administration of the country. It exerted immense influence on the contemporary intellectual world of Joseon Korea, and was regarded as an invaluable resource.